Qþyn|gài: A Polysynthetic Language (S7)

Texts


The Northwind and the Sun

※

The Icelandic version was used as the original text (though the original original is probably in Greek (by Aesop)). The smooth English translation tries to be quite a close translation of that version.

Qþyxáxíqþìn|gynqiu||kìrírai ty||kýqùi rqytrà !àrqìtiuxihhy!kíun!a qþaináungí||ká n|yǂìhín|auqþiu qþy|kun|átsỳn|ỳtuikàrà.

Translation

※

Once upon a time, the Northwind and the Sun were disputing about which of the two of them was stronger, when they saw a walking traveller wrapped in a warm cloak coming along.

Sentence 1

※

qþyxáxíqþìn|gynqiu||kìrírai ty||kýqùi rqytrà !àrqìtiuxihhy!kíun!a qþaináungí||ká n|yǂìhín|auqþiu qþy|kun|átsỳn|ỳtuikàrà

Interlinear

※
qþyxáxíqþìn|gynqiu||kìrírai
qþ
evidence
hearsay
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
xá
affix
disloc
 
xí
val
P#A+
 
qþ
class
communication
 
ì
val
P#A+
 
n|gy
stem
tell
dispute
nqiu
affix
fight
...
||kì
affix
past
 
ríx/u
degree
very-very
 
rai
degree
unknown
 
ty||kýqùi
t
class
matter
 
y
kasus
RCP
 
||ký
stem
wind
northwind
qùi
affix
north
...
rqytrà
rq
class
give-life
y
kasus
RCP
trà
stem
sun
!àrqìtiuxihhy!kíun!a
!
mood
interrogative
à
kasus
TOP
rq
class
give-life
ì
val
A*
tiu
stem
strong
xi
affix
more
hhy
stem
3
!kíuʕ/a
number
two
!a
affix
which?
qþaináungí||ká
qþ
evidence
hearsay
x/uak/i
kasus
LOC
n
class
sentient
áu
val
P+,A.
ngí
stem
watch
||ká
affix
present
n|yǂìhín|auqþiu
n|
class
movement
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
ǂì
stem
travel
pedestrian
hí
affix
hand-or-foot
...
n|au
affix
person
...
qþk/iu
affix
app-gen
 
qþy|kun|átsỳn|ỳtuikàrà
qþ
evidence
hearsay
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
|k
class
culture
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
n|á
stem
wear
wear
tsỳ
affix
protect
...
n|ỳ
stem
jacket
cloak
tui
affix
over
...
kà
affix
warm
 
rn/aà
degree
very
 

Translation

※

(It is said that,) (with respect to what will follow,) northwind, [and] sun word-fought each other very very long ago, yet unknown when, namely with respect to (the question of) who of [the] two of them was stronger, when (it is said that) [they] perceived [a] foot-traveller (reportedly) wearing [a] warm over-and-over-jacket.


Yellow Snow

※

Text

※

Syrquqlaruhàukài.

Translation

※

Do not ingest yellow snow!

Sentence 1

※

syrquqlaruhàukài

Interlinear
※
syrquqlaruhàukài
s
mood
imperative
y
kasus
PRD
rq
class
give-life
u
val
P*,A.
qla
stem
ingest
ru
degree
not
hàu
stem
snow
kài
affix
yellow

Pater Noster

※

I tried to translate from Ancient Greek with a lot of help from helpful people on the Conlang mailing list (John, Mark, Ray to name a few). Some discussion was needed, of course.

The basic principle here was to stick to the Greek text without interpretation, as long it does not break grammar or introduce misleading disambiguations. The latter means: if Greek has only one word for which Qþyn|gài has several words, I will select the one that I think is the most likely meaning, and not the one that is the most common meaning in Greek.

I even tried to not reorder constituents. Qþyn|gài usually has all adjuncts in front of the head, but can shift them when marking the head for it. In order to get a similar order, I will do that.

Hear it. Listen!

Text

※

Stàuǂkístiu.

Kxàustùnǂgístiuqþakxáuqlái syqlùstỳxáuqþúihhítlùxkiu.

Syn|uǂustáqláitaxkiu.

Syxátrundàindandáxkiu saqrùqláitruqþauxáuqlái|ai.

Ràrqùqlaqlystiuqþáin||gáiǂu syxuhhynqá||ká||káin|iusty.

Syxá!kusùrundanqá|íusùstiu ǂau!kỳsùrundanqá|íusùn|austiustyhhú.

Syn|ỳǂurutsuqþándárítsanda||kýsty.

Sán|iu|au sy!kỳný|aundatsuqþúqþìusty.

Taihhà trai||ky kxyxástiu rqyqláita rqytiuhhú rqytráǂaurìqýhhú.

Translation

※

Our parent. Our parent in heaven, be thy name used benevolently for divine purposes only! Be thy kingdom lead/moved to us! Thy will ('what thou wantest') be caused to be existent, on earth like in heaven! Concerning our bread for the coming/going day, give it to us today! Absolve our debts, like also we absolve our debtors! Do not lead us into temptation! But instead, free us from evil (lit: 'make that we are not constrained (here: threatened) caused by the evil')! As reason, in eternity, of thee is [the] kingdom and also power and also glory.

Sentence 1

※

stàuǂkístiu

Interlinear
※
stàuǂkístiu
st
class
family
àu
kasus
VOC
ǂkíx/u
stem
parent
stk/iu
affix
gen-1
Translation
※

Our parent.

Sentence 2

※

kxàustùnǂgístiuqþakxáuqlái syqlùstỳxáuqþúihhítlùxkiu

Interlinear
※
kxàustùnǂgístiuqþakxáuqlái
kx
evidence
belief
 
àu
kasus
VOC
 
st
class
family
 
ùn/a
val
P*
 
ǂkíx/u
stem
parent
 
stk/iu
affix
gen-1
 
qþx/uak/i
affix
app-loc
 
xáu
stem
god
heaven
qlái
affix
land
...
syqlùstỳxáuqþúihhítlùxkiu
s
mood
imperative
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
ql
class
creation
 
ùn/a
val
P*
 
stw/yỳ
stem
be-tool
holy
xáu
affix
god
...
qþúi
affix
benevolent
...
hhí
affix
excl
...
tlù
stem
name
 
xkk/iu
affix
gen-2
 
Translation
※

Our parent in heaven, be thy name used benevolently for divine purposes only!

Sentence 3

※

syn|uǂustáqláitaxkiu

Interlinear
※
syn|uǂustáqláitaxkiu
s
mood
imperative
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
ǂu
stem
move
 
stx/uáin/a
affix
allative-1
 
qlái
stem
land
kingdom
ta
affix
emperor
...
xkk/iu
affix
gen-2
 
Translation
※

Be thy kingdom lead/moved to us!

Sentence 4

※

syxátrundàindandáxkiu saqrùqláitruqþauxáuqlái|ai

Interlinear
※
syxátrundàindandáxkiu
s
mood
imperative
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
xá
affix
disloc
 
tr
class
spacetime
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
ndài
stem
exist
make-being
nda
affix
cause
...
ndá
stem
will
 
xkk/iu
affix
gen-2
 
saqrùqláitruqþauxáuqlái|ai
s
mood
imperative
 
x/uak/i
kasus
LOC
 
rq
class
give-life
 
ùn/a
val
P*
 
qlái
stem
land
earth
tru
affix
planet
...
qþx/uau
affix
app-cir
 
xáu
stem
god
heaven
qlái
affix
land
...
n|x/uak/i
affix
location
 
Translation
※

Thy will ('what thou wantest') be caused to be existent, on earth like in heaven!

Sentence 5

※

ràrqùqlaqlystiuqþáin||gáiǂu syxuhhynqá||ká||káin|iusty

Interlinear
※
ràrqùqlaqlystiuqþáin||gáiǂu
r
evidence
experience
 
à
kasus
TOP
 
rq
class
give-life
 
ùn/a
val
P*
 
qla
stem
food/beverage
bread
qly
affix
grain
...
stk/iu
affix
gen-1
 
qþx/uáin/a
affix
app-all
 
||kái
stem
day
 
ǂu
affix
move
 
syxuhhynqá||ká||káin|iusty
s
mood
imperative
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
x
class
meta
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
hhy
stem
3
give-it-today
nqá
affix
gift
...
||ká
affix
present
...
||kái
affix
day
...
n|iu
affix
dem
...
sty
stem
1
 
Translation
※

Concerning our bread for the coming/going day, give it to us today!

Sentence 6

※

syxá!kusùrundanqá|íusùstiu ǂau!kỳsùrundanqá|íusùn|austiustyhhú

Interlinear
※
syxá!kusùrundanqá|íusùstiu
s
mood
imperative
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
xá
affix
disloc
 
!k
class
restriction
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
sù
stem
must
absolve
ru
degree
not
...
nda
affix
cause
...
nqá
stem
give
debt
|íu
affix
back
...
sù
affix
must
...
stk/iu
affix
gen-1
 
ǂau!kỳsùrundanqá|íusùn|austiustyhhú
nǂ
evidence
declaration
 
x/uau
kasus
CIR
 
!k
class
restriction
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
sù
stem
must
absolve
ru
degree
not
...
nda
affix
cause
...
nqá
stem
give
debtor
|íu
affix
back
...
sù
affix
must
...
n|au
affix
person
...
stk/iu
affix
gen-1
 
sty
stem
1
 
hhú
affix
also
 
Translation
※

Absolve our debts, like also we absolve our debtors!

Sentence 7

※

syn|ỳǂurutsuqþándárítsanda||kýsty

Interlinear
※
syn|ỳǂurutsuqþándárítsanda||kýsty
s
mood
imperative
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
ǂu
stem
move
 
ru
degree
not
 
tsu
affix
pass
 
qþx/uáin/a
affix
app-all
 
ndá
stem
want
temptation
ríx/u
degree
very-very
...
tsaʕ/a
affix
antip
...
nda
affix
cause
...
||ký
affix
event
...
sty
stem
1
 
Translation
※

Do not lead us into temptation!

Sentence 8

※

sán|iu|au sy!kỳný|aundatsuqþúqþìusty

Interlinear
※
sán|iu|au
s
class
animate
 
x/uáin/a
kasus
ALL
 
n|iu
stem
dem
opp2this
|x/uau
affix
opposite
...
sy!kỳný|aundatsuqþúqþìusty
s
mood
imperative
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
!k
class
restriction
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
ný
stem
constrained
free
|x/uau
affix
opposite
...
nda
affix
cause
...
tsu
affix
pass
 
qþú
affix
app-cau
 
qþìu
stem
evil
 
sty
stem
1
 
Translation
※

But instead, free us from evil (lit: 'make that we are not constrained (here: threatened) caused by the evil')!

Sentence 9

※

taihhà trai||ky kxyxástiu rqyqláita rqytiuhhú rqytráǂaurìqýhhú

Interlinear
※
taihhà
nd
class
intelligence
x/uak/i
kasus
LOC
hhà
stem
reason
trai||ky
tr
class
spacetime
x/uak/i
kasus
LOC
||ky
stem
aorist
kxyxástiu
kx
evidence
belief
y
kasus
PRD
x
class
meta
á
val
P+
stk/iu
stem
gen-1
rqyqláita
rq
class
give-life
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
qlái
stem
land
kingdom
ta
affix
emperor
...
rqytiuhhú
rq
class
give-life
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
tiu
stem
strength
 
hhú
clitic
also
also
rqytráǂaurìqýhhú
rq
class
give-life
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
trá
stem
bright
glory
ǂau
affix
pretty
...
rìk/i
degree
100%!
...
qý
affix
property
...
hhú
clitic
also
also
Translation
※

As reason, in eternity, of thee is [the] kingdom and also power and also glory.

Notes

※

Qþyn|gài makes no lexical distinction between 'father' and 'mother'. Words are usually underspecified for gender. To force a specific meaning, a suffix 'male' or 'female' has to be appended. Because this clarification seems overly specific here, the more natural (from Qþyn|gài lexical view) plain stem 'parent' is used.

In the same way, number is usually not mentioned. Lexical entries are underspecified for the category of number. It seems overly specific to artifically use the singular on 'parent' here, so this was omitted to favor conciseness for explicitness. It should be noted that Qþyn|gài has a grammatical suffix for trinity, namely the trial number ending !–!kùi, and it also has a collective number ending, so the most appropriate explicit form 'holy father' would probably be st–ǂkí!kùi!kau meaning 'trinity-parent' or 'three-parent-ness'.

Further in the first petition, translating 'to hallow' is complicated, because 'holy' means various things. My interpretation is 'set apart to the service or worship of god', 'to be reserved from profane and common things'. Then, 'to hallow' means 'to be/keep/make/treat as holy'. The word 'holy' is lexicalised in various ways in Qþyn|gài, the one use here meaning 'for benevolent divine usage only', derived as 'use'+'divine'+'benefactive'+'exclusive'.

In the second petition, it must be noted that a kingdom cannot 'come' in Qþyn|gài, since that would imply control, which a kingdom, being an abstract concept, cannot itself have over its movements. Instead, the control is external. Accordingly, a kingdom can be 'moved towards'. 'Moving' plus semantical agent can also be translated as 'to lead' or 'to guide'. Further note that the allative case is related to 'arrive' by using the same vowel, and that 'to come' is translated either as 'move + allative case reference point' or a verb serialisation 'move arrive' in Qþyn|gài.

The passive marker used in 'Do not lead us into temptation', which is therefore literally (if syntax is taken to be literal) 'Let us not be moved/lead into temptation', does not demote the agent of the sentence, therefore, an agitative 'by you' is not necessary, because it is implied by the imperative mood. Remember that valence shifts are different from voices in not changing the focus.


Relay 10 Text

※

The Text in Old Language

※

Sexánqgikhákhà Sàn|ú||káukhàn!u! |K'eninqgukháu! !Xet'ù||kàun|e!xa? N|gáiqukhán|ú||káukhàhá ngen|è=xái||kàu||káikháihhá=xaun|a||káuhù. Ngexásèn|ehuikhi||k'én|aikhàu ngáixánuqèn|en|aikhàu ngíniqúihhù ngíq'in|guhhúi n!gíhuixikhà. Ngenqganqgihhúkhun|ú. Ngen|u=xe||ká!k'ahai. N|gáikxúingín|i ngen|u=xaikxàuhai. !Xesèn|e||kún|e!xan|u? !Xesèn|e||kún|e!xan|u? K'endit'ùikhukhi. =Káiq'è!xái||k'ékhuhaitutìun|en|akhau ||xekuqéndáu||kíkhi||ké.

Orthography

Old e |x !x ||x =x nqg kh
Modern y | ! || ǂ nq r

The Modern Text

※

Syxánqiqrárà sàn|ái||káuràn!u. Tlyniquráu. !Ytrùn||gì!a. Qþáinqurán|ái||káuràhá ngyn|ỳǂý||kì||káiráihháǂaun|au||káuhù. Ngyxáqlỳstìuhuirirqýhhyràu ngáxánuqỳndìhhyràu ngainiqúihhù ngaiqþi|kuhhúi !kaihuixirà. Ngynqanqihhúrun|ái. Ngyn|uǂy||káqla. |Kákxúingín|ì ngyn|uǂaikxàuhai. !Yqlỳstìu||kú!asty. Ksynditrùiruri. Táqþỳ!áirqýruturàqùtìundìn|aurau ||ykuqýndáu||kári||ký.

Translation

※

Caution, angry Baby! Good griefs! What has happened? Yesterday, a young girl came to our pretty house to look after our baby-boy. She did all she could to entertain him: she played with him, sang to him, and much more. But despite of this, the baby attacked her, tore apart his food, and threw the remains out of the window. What will I do? What will I do? I absolutely don't know. So now I have hidden the event so that the police hopefully cannot ask difficult questions.

Sentence 1

※

syxánqiqrárà sàn|ái||káuràn!u

Interlinear
※
syxánqiqrárà
s
mood
imperative
y
kasus
PRD
xá
affix
disloc
nq
class
dissonance
ik/i
val
A.,P.
rá
stem
pay-attention
rn/aà
degree
very
sàn|ái||káuràn!u
s
class
animate
 
à
kasus
TOP
 
n|ái
stem
child
baby
||káu
affix
young
...
rn/aà
degree
very
...
n!u
affix
angry
 
Translation
※

Be careful with respect to [an] angry child!

Sentence 2

※

tlyniquráu

Interlinear
※
tlyniquráu
tl
evidence
instinct
y
kasus
PRD
n
class
sentient
ik/i
val
A.,P.
nqu
stem
scare
ráu
degree
unexpected
Translation
※

[There is] (instinctive) unexpected scaredness! (=~ Good griefs!)

Sentence 3

※

!ytrùn||gì!a

Interlinear
※
!ytrùn||gì!a
!
mood
interrogative
y
kasus
PRD
tr
class
spacetime
ùn/a
val
P*
||kì
stem
past
!a
stem
which?
Translation
※

What happened?

Sentence 4

※

qþáinqurán|ái||káuràhá ngyn|ỳǂý||kì||káiráihháǂaun|au||káuhù

Interlinear
※
qþáinqurán|ái||káuràhá
qþ
evidence
hearsay
 
x/uáin/a
kasus
ALL
 
q
class
harmony
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
rá
stem
look-after
 
n|ái
stem
child
baby
||káu
affix
young
...
rn/aà
degree
very
...
há
affix
male
 
ngyn|ỳǂý||kì||káiráihháǂaun|au||káuhù
ng
evidence
perception
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
ǂý
stem
arrive
arrive-tomorrow
||kì
affix
past
...
||kái
affix
day
...
rái
degree
one
...
hhá
stem
house
 
ǂau
affix
pretty
 
n|au
stem
person
young-person
||káu
affix
young
...
hù
affix
female
 
Translation
※

(Presumably) in order that [she] looks after [our] baby boy, yesterday, (I saw myself) [a] girl came to [our] pretty house.

Sentence 5

※

ngyxáqlỳstìuhuirirqýhhyràu ngáxánuqỳndìhhyràu ngainiqúihhù ngaiqþi|kuhhúi !kaihuixirà

Interlinear
※
ngyxáqlỳstìuhuirirqýhhyràu
ng
evidence
perception
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
xá
affix
disloc
 
ql
class
creation
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
stìu
stem
do
 
hui
stem
some-amount
all
ri
degree
100%
...
rqý
affix
able
 
hhy
stem
3
3same
rʕ/aàu
degree
expected
...
ngáxánuqỳndìhhyràu
ng
evidence
perception
 
x/uáin/a
kasus
ALL
 
xá
affix
disloc
 
n
class
sentient
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
qỳ
stem
enjoyable
entertain
ndì
affix
make
...
hhy
stem
3
3same
rʕ/aàu
degree
expected
...
ngainiqúihhù
ng
evidence
perception
x/uak/i
kasus
LOC
n
class
sentient
ik/i
val
A.,P.
qúi
stem
play
hhù
affix
com-3
ngaiqþi|kuhhúi
ng
evidence
perception
x/uak/i
kasus
LOC
qþ
class
communication
ik/i
val
A.,P.
n|gu
stem
sing
hhúi
affix
ben-3
!kaihuixirà
n!g
class
value
x/uak/i
kasus
LOC
hui
stem
some-amount
xi
affix
more
rn/aà
degree
very
Translation
※

(I saw that) she did all that [is] possible to entertain him, namely (I saw) [she] played with him, (I saw) [she] sang for him, [and] much more.

Sentence 6

※

ngynqanqihhúrun|ái

Interlinear
※
ngynqanqihhúrun|ái
ng
evidence
perception
y
kasus
PRD
nq
class
dissonance
aʕ/a
val
A*,P.
nqi
stem
attack
hhú
affix
cau-3
ru
degree
not
n|ái
stem
child
Translation
※

(I saw that) despite of this, the child attacked [her].

Sentence 7

※

ngyn|uǂy||káqla

Interlinear
※
ngyn|uǂy||káqla
ng
evidence
perception
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
ǂy
stem
pull
tear-apart
||ká
affix
destroy
...
qla
stem
food/beverage
 
Translation
※

(I saw that) [he] tore apart [his] food.

Sentence 8

※

|kákxúingín|ì ngyn|uǂaikxàuhai

Interlinear
※
|kákxúingín|ì
n|g
class
distribution
 
x/uáin/a
kasus
ALL
 
kxúi
stem
hole
window
ngí
affix
watch
...
n|ì
affix
out
 
ngyn|uǂaikxàuhai
ng
evidence
perception
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
ǂai
stem
throw
 
kxàu
stem
remain
remains
hai
affix
thing
...
Translation
※

(I saw that) [he] threw [the] remains out of [the] window.

Sentence 9

※

!yqlỳstìu||kú!asty

Interlinear
※
!yqlỳstìu||kú!asty
!
mood
interrogative
y
kasus
PRD
ql
class
creation
ỳ
val
P*,A*
stìu
stem
do
||kú
affix
future
!a
stem
which?
sty
stem
1
Translation
※

What will I do?

Sentence 10

※

ksynditrùiruri

Interlinear
※
ksynditrùiruri
ks
evidence
intuition
y
kasus
PRD
nd
class
intelligence
ik/i
val
A.,P.
trùi
stem
know
ru
degree
not
ri
degree
100%
Translation
※

(My internal state is that) [I] absolutely do not know.

Sentence 11

※

táqþỳ!áirqýruturàqùtìundìn|aurau ||ykuqýndáu||kári||ký

Interlinear
※
táqþỳ!áirqýruturàqùtìundìn|aurau
nd
mood
optative
 
x/uáin/a
kasus
ALL
 
qþ
class
communication
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
!ái
stem
ask
 
rqý
affix
able
 
ru
degree
not
 
tu
stem
weight
difficult-thing
rn/aà
degree
very
...
qù
affix
metaphor
...
tìu
stem
order
police
ndì
affix
make
...
n|au
affix
person
...
rau
degree
unspecified
...
||ykuqýndáu||kári||ký
||
evidence
conclusion
y
kasus
PRD
k
class
information
u
val
P*,A.
qý
stem
hide
ndáu
affix
be-complete
||ká
affix
present
ri
degree
100%
||ký
stem
event
Translation
※

In order for [the] police not to be able to ask difficult things (so I wish), (it is a sequence that) now [I] have hidden [the] event.


Relay 11 Text

※

Rqutlúhaurqandúrà rqyqlaqlyqþùhysta. Nǂgyn|áuǂuitsíndì rqyqlytlý rqyqlùihài tykù. Nǂgyksỳhhútsuqþaksùhù. Nǂgytrun|àu|aitaqlaqlysta. Nǂgyǂkáutìrándì||kùi tlyhystaqþiuhihhaundìndáu. Nǂgyn|áuǂuitsíndaqþù tlyhàihùndaqlùi tlyhaurqàndatsahai tykùn!gài||kùihhìu. Nǂgyn|uǂuitsíndìhíqlaqlysta. Nǂgyqlustíndìhíhhíutrutàhhautáuràràiqlyqlù. Nǂgyn|ỳǂíuhítsuqþýtìrátrutàhhau. Nǂgyǂkutìrándì||yhain|y|aitahysta. Nǂgytrỳn|àitsíndìtsu!káiqþýhui!kíuhhiu!káihhiu. Nǂgyqliksíndìksìkàstỳ. Nǂgyqlustíndì||kíqþaiqláistakykàindìndáu.

Translation

※

Very well-tasting bread with meat Mix together flour, vegetable oil, and salt. If it is necessary, add water. Put aside the dough.

Sentence 1

※

rqutlúhaurqandúrà rqyqlaqlyqþùhysta

Interlinear

※
rqutlúhaurqandúrà
r
evidence
experience
 
k/iu
kasus
GEN
 
tl
class
body
 
w/yú
val
P.
 
hau
stem
tongue/nose
taste
rqan/a
affix
impression
...
tú
affix
good
 
rn/aà
degree
very
 
rqyqlaqlyqþùhysta
rq
class
give-life
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
qla
stem
food/beverage
bread
qly
affix
grain
...
qþù
affix
app-com
 
hy
stem
body
flesh
sta
affix
composed
...

Translation

※

Bread with meat that [by own experience] tastes very good

Sentence 2

※

nǂgyn|áuǂuitsíndì rqyqlytlý rqyqlùihài tykù

Interlinear

※
nǂgyn|áuǂuitsíndì
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
áu
val
P+,A.
 
ǂui
stem
go-through
to-mix
tsí
affix
recip
...
ndì
affix
make
...
rqyqlytlý
rq
class
give-life
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
qly
stem
grain
flour
tlý
affix
grind
...
rqyqlùihài
rq
class
give-life
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
qluin/a
stem
plant
veg.-oil
hài
affix
oil
...
tykù
t
class
matter
y
kasus
PAT
kù
stem
salt

Translation

※

[Suggestively,] mix together flour, vegetable oil, salt.

Sentence 3

※

nǂgyksỳhhútsuqþaksùhù

Interlinear

※
nǂgyksỳhhútsuqþaksùhù
nǂg
mood
suggestive
y
kasus
PRD
ks
class
relation
ỳ
val
P*,A*
hhú
stem
add
tsu
affix
pass
qþx/uak/i
affix
app-loc
sù
stem
necessary
hù
stem
water

Translation

※

If (it is) necessary, [suggestively] let water be added.

Sentence 4

※

nǂgytrun|àu|aitaqlaqlysta

Interlinear

※
nǂgytrun|àu|aitaqlaqlysta
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
tr
class
spacetime
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
n|àu
stem
side
put-aside
n|x/uak/i
affix
be-at
...
nda
affix
cause
...
qla
stem
food/beverage
dough
qly
affix
grain
...
sta
affix
composed
...

Translation

※

Put aside dough.

Sentence 5

※

nǂgyǂkáutìrándì||kùi tlyhystaqþiuhihhaundìndáu

Interlinear

※
nǂgyǂkáutìrándì||kùi
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
ǂk
class
measure
 
áu
val
P+,A.
 
tì
stem
high
slice
rá
degree
a-bit
...
ndì
affix
make
...
||kùi
affix
knife
...
tlyhystaqþiuhihhaundìndáu
tl
class
body
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
hy
stem
body
flesh
sta
affix
composed
...
qþk/iu
affix
app-gen
 
hi
stem
hot-water
boil
hhx/uau
affix
like
...
ndì
affix
become
...
ndáu
affix
be-complete
 

Translation

※

From readily boiled meat make flat pieces with a knife.

Sentence 6

※

nǂgyn|áuǂuitsíndaqþù tlyhàihùndaqlùi tlyhaurqàndatsahai tykùn!gài||kùihhìu

Interlinear

※
nǂgyn|áuǂuitsíndaqþù
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
áu
val
P+,A.
 
ǂui
stem
go-through
to-mix
tsí
affix
recip
...
nda
affix
cause
...
qþù
affix
app-com
 
tlyhàihùndaqlùi
tl
class
body
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
hài
stem
eye
onion
hù
affix
water
...
nda
affix
cause
...
qluin/a
affix
plant
...
tlyhaurqàndatsahai
tl
class
body
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
hau
stem
tongue/nose
spice
rqan/a
affix
impression
...
nda
affix
cause
...
tsaʕ/a
affix
antip
...
hai
affix
thing
...
tykùn!gài||kùihhìu
t
class
matter
y
kasus
PAT
kù
stem
salt
!kʕ/aài
number
known-cnt
||kùi
affix
knife
hhìu
affix
head

Translation

※

Mix with onion, spices, (and the) point of a knife's amount of salt.

Sentence 7

※

nǂgyn|uǂuitsíndìhíqlaqlysta

Interlinear

※
nǂgyn|uǂuitsíndìhíqlaqlysta
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
ǂui
stem
go-through
knead
tsí
affix
recip
...
ndì
affix
make
...
hí
affix
hand-or-foot
...
qla
stem
food/beverage
dough
qly
affix
grain
...
sta
affix
composed
...

Translation

※

Knead dough.

Sentence 8

※

nǂgyqlustíndìhíhhíutrutàhhautáuràràiqlyqlù

Interlinear

※
nǂgyqlustíndìhíhhíutrutàhhautáuràràiqlyqlù
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
ql
class
creation
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
stí
stem
ripe
make-ripe
ndì
affix
become
...
hí
affix
hand-or-foot
 
hhíu
affix
abl-3
 
tru
stem
planet
sphere
tà
affix
shape
...
hhx/uau
affix
like
...
táu
affix
size
 
rn/aà
degree
very
 
rʕ/aài
degree
known
 
qly
affix
grain
 
qlùʕ/a
affix
life
 

Translation

※

From it prepare with hands spheres large-sized like seeds.

Sentence 9

※

nǂgyn|ỳǂíuhítsuqþýtìrátrutàhhau

Interlinear

※
nǂgyn|ỳǂíuhítsuqþýtìrátrutàhhau
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
n|
class
movement
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
ǂíu
stem
push
 
hí
affix
hand-or-foot
 
tsu
affix
pass
 
qþý
affix
app-ter
 
tì
stem
high
flat
rá
degree
a-bit
...
tru
stem
planet
sphere
tà
affix
shape
...
hhx/uau
affix
like
...

Translation

※

Let spheres be pushed (to being) flat with hands.

Sentence 10

※

nǂgyǂkutìrándì||yhain|y|aitahysta

Interlinear

※
nǂgyǂkutìrándì||yhain|y|aitahysta
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
ǂk
class
measure
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
tì
stem
high
flat
rá
degree
a-bit
...
ndì
affix
make
...
||y
affix
thusly
 
hai
affix
thing
 
n|y
affix
center
 
n|x/uak/i
affix
be-at
 
nda
affix
cause
 
hy
stem
body
flesh
sta
affix
composed
...

Translation

※

Put meat into center of the thusly flattened.

Sentence 11

※

nǂgytrỳn|àitsíndìtsu!káiqþýhui!kíuhhiu!káihhiu

Interlinear

※
nǂgytrỳn|àitsíndìtsu!káiqþýhui!kíuhhiu!káihhiu
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
tr
class
spacetime
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
n|àk/i
stem
on-top
to-fold
tsí
affix
recip
...
ndì
affix
make
...
tsu
affix
pass
 
!kái
number
one
 
qþý
affix
app-ter
 
hui
stem
some-amount
 
!kíuʕ/a
number
two
 
hhk/iu
affix
part
 
!kái
number
one
 
hhk/iu
stem
part
 

Translation

※

Let pieces be folded once to being 1-out-of-2 amounts.

Sentence 12

※

nǂgyqliksíndìksìkàstỳ

Interlinear

※
nǂgyqliksíndìksìkàstỳ
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
ql
class
creation
 
ik/i
val
A.,P.
 
stí
stem
ripe
bake
ndì
affix
become
...
ksì
affix
room
...
kà
affix
warm
...
stw/yỳ
affix
use
...

Translation

※

Bake.

Sentence 13

※

nǂgyqlustíndì||kíqþaiqláistakykàindìndáu

Interlinear

※
nǂgyqlustíndì||kíqþaiqláistakykàindìndáu
nǂg
mood
suggestive
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
ql
class
creation
 
u
val
P*,A.
 
stí
stem
ripe
make-ripe
ndì
affix
become
...
||kí
affix
stop
 
qþx/uak/i
affix
app-loc
 
qlái
stem
land
brown
sta
affix
composed
...
ky
affix
colour
...
kài
affix
yellow
 
ndì
affix
become
 
ndáu
affix
be-complete
 

Translation

※

When (they) have become yellowish-brown, stop preparation.


One-Liners

※

Philosopher

※

Text

※

Ksyndàtrùiru||kìsty ngyrqùqlùn||gyhhaingùindỳn|auxky.

Translation
※

I did not know that you were a philosopher.

Sentence 1
※

ksyndàtrùiru||kìsty ngyrqùqlùn||gyhhaingùindỳn|auxky

Interlinear
※
ksyndàtrùiru||kìsty
ks
evidence
intuition
y
kasus
PRD
nd
class
intelligence
àun/a
val
A*,P+
trùi
stem
know
ru
degree
not
||kì
affix
past
sty
stem
1
ngyrqùqlùn||gyhhaingùindỳn|auxky
ng
evidence
perception
 
y
kasus
PAT
 
rq
class
give-life
 
ùn/a
val
P*
 
qlùʕ/a
stem
life
be-philosopher
||ky
affix
aorist
...
hhw/yak/i
affix
connote
...
ngùi
affix
think
...
ndỳ
affix
to-last
...
n|au
affix
person
...
xky
stem
2
 
Translation
※

I did not know that you are a person-who-thinks-about-the-meaning-of-life

The Disrober

※

Text

※

Ngy|kùn|árundarqýn|auhhín|ỳtui.

Translation
※

The one who is able to disrobe.

Sentence 1
※

ngy|kùn|árundarqýn|auhhín|ỳtui

Interlinear
※
ngy|kùn|árundarqýn|auhhín|ỳtui
ng
evidence
perception
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
|k
class
culture
 
ùn/a
val
P*
 
n|á
stem
wear
 
ru
degree
not
 
nda
affix
cause
 
rqý
affix
able
 
n|au
affix
person
 
hhí
affix
agi-3
 
n|ỳ
stem
jacket
cloak
tui
affix
over
...

Text

※

Nǂy|kỳn|árunda||kúhhín|ỳtuisty!kíu.

Translation
※

The one who is able to disrobe.

Sentence 1
※

nǂy|kỳn|árunda||kúhhín|ỳtuisty!kíu

Interlinear
※
nǂy|kỳn|árunda||kúhhín|ỳtuisty!kíu
nǂ
evidence
declaration
 
y
kasus
PRD
 
|k
class
culture
 
ỳ
val
P*,A*
 
n|á
stem
wear
 
ru
degree
not
 
nda
affix
cause
 
||kú
affix
future
 
hhí
affix
agi-3
 
n|ỳ
stem
jacket
cloak
tui
affix
over
...
sty
stem
1
 
!kíuʕ/a
number
two
 

Father, Father

※

Text

※

Stàuǂkí stàuǂkí ryn|ỳǂíuhhú!astyxky.

Translation
※

Father, father, why have you left me?

Sentence 1
※

stàuǂkí stàuǂkí ryn|ỳǂíuhhú!astyxky

Interlinear
※
stàuǂkí
st
class
family
àu
kasus
VOC
ǂkíx/u
stem
parent
stàuǂkí
st
class
family
àu
kasus
VOC
ǂkíx/u
stem
parent
ryn|ỳǂíuhhú!astyxky
r
evidence
experience
y
kasus
PRD
n|
class
movement
ỳ
val
P*,A*
ǂíu
stem
depart
hhú
affix
cau-3
!a
affix
which?
sty
stem
1
xky
stem
2

Content

June 2nd, 2008
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