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Qþyn|gài: A Polysynthetic Language (S7)

Lexicon

Design

 ※

Scales

 ※

To simplify the lexicon, i.e., to make it easy and lightweight, and further to keep the amount of biased entries low, some typical pairs of opposite words describing points on scales, e.g. 'small' and 'large', were collapsed into one stem. The words are then formed by the stem plus a degree. Further, the abstract property, e.g. 'size', is formed by the same stem plus the stem for 'property'.

For this simplification to be allowed for a pair of words, the following requirements must be fulfilled. If any requirement is not met, several stems will be introduced in the lexicon.

  • The scale must have exactly one end-point, the objective 0 of the scale. It must not be a -1...+1 scale. Further, the scale must be open to the other side. Again, this judgement must be made in an objective way.

    Scales with no end-point or two end-points would indirectly incur a bias to the direction of the degree scale, i.e., there would be a bias wrt. what is the -1 and what is the +1 end, while it would be equally feasible to swap the whole degree scale. Therefore, the selection of the lexicon entry would introduce a bias to the lexicon, because the opposite lexicon entry would be equally feasible. To prevent this type of bias, only scales with a clear 0 are permitted, so that swapping the scale is infeasible and there is a clear, objective choice to be made for the lexicon entry.

    In the same way, scales with two end-points are bad for the same reason, since the scale's reference point may be swapped.

    The restriction that there must not be a second end-point shall be less strict than the one-end-point requirement, and shall be made on a human perspective. E.g. speed and weight etc. shall be unlimited scales, for example, although the speed of light exists etc. So the requirement is more of a scale with at least one end-point that is clearly more relevant to human speakers than a potential second end-point.

    Pairs like 'male'-'female' and also 'good'-'bad' clearly fail on this requirement, so for these, there are two lexicon entries (which are not derived one from another).

Classifiers

 ※
Qþyn|gài Gloss
s animate
n sentient
nd intelligence
t matter
tr spacetime
x meta
ng liquid
nk solid
k information
ks relation
r orientation
rq give-life
nq dissonance
q harmony
qþ communication
| elements
n| movement
n|g distribution
|k culture
tl body
! comparison
n! extension
n!g value
!k restriction
ql creation
ǂ destruction
nǂ sensor
nǂg trade
ǂk measure
st family
|| hyper

Words

 ※
x–qþ–, "valence-adj"
root derivational suffix: marks a suffixed case: the valence is changed so that the patient argument takes the role of the marked case
!–r–, "degree"
root degree
!–!k–, "number"
root number
!–rá, "a-bit"
?: x->x coarse-grained degree: a bit
!–ra, "average"
?: x->x coarse-grained degree: average
!–rà, "very"
?: x->x coarse-grained degree: very
!–rùn/a, "not!"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: absolutely not, axiomatically 0 (very strong: religious, emphatic and colloquial usage)
!–ru, "not"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: not, no, zero, 0%
!–rú, "wee-bit"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: a wee bit
!–rý, "a-bit!"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: a bit
!–ry, "average!"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: average
!–rỳ, "very!"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: very
!–ríx/u, "very-very"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: very, very
!–ri, "100%"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: totally, 100%
!–rìk/i, "100%!"
?: x->x fine-grained degree: absolutely, 100%, axiomatically 100% (very strong: religious, emphatic and colloquial usage)
!–rau, "unspecified"
?: x->x vague degree: unspecified
!–ràu, "expected"
?: x->x vague degree: expected
!–ráu, "unexpected"
?: x->x vague degree: unexpected
!–rai, "unknown"
?: x->x vague degree: unknown
!–rài, "known"
?: x->x vague degree: known; may be further modified with a reference measure that matches the categorie of the head modified with this degree. E.g. 'a pinch of salt' = 'salt amount KNOWN knife head'
!–rúi, "distributed"
?: x->x vague degree: (regularly) distributed
!–rìu, "regular"
?: x->x vague degree: irregularly distributed
!–rái, "one"
?: x->x degree: order one
!–ríuʕ/a, "two"
?: x->x degree: order two
!–rùi, "three"
?: x->x degree: order three
!–!ká, "few"
?: x->x coarse-grained number: a bit, coarse paucal suffix
!–!ka, "avg-cnt"
?: x->x coarse-grained number: average, some, coarse oligal suffix
!–n!gà, "many"
?: x->x coarse-grained number: many, coarse plural suffix
!–!kùn/a, "no!"
?: x->x fine-grained number: absolutely no, subnullar suffix
!–!ku, "no"
?: x->x fine-grained number: no, 0, nullar suffix
!–!kú, "very-few"
?: x->x fine-grained number: very few, subpaucal suffix
!–!ký, "few!"
?: x->x fine-grained number: a few, fine paucal suffix
!–!y, "avg-cnt!"
?: x->x fine-grained number: average, some, fine oligal suffix
!–!kỳ, "many!"
?: x->x fine-grained number: many, fine plural suffix
!–!kíx/u, "very-many"
?: x->x fine-grained number: very many, superplural suffix
!–!ki, "all"
?: x->x fine-grained number: all, 100%, omnial suffix
!–!kìk/i, "all!"
?: x->x fine-grained number: absof*ckinglutely all, superomnial suffix
!–!kau, "collective"
?: x->x vague number: explicitly unspecified number, collective suffix
!–n!gàu, "exp-cnt"
?: x->x vague number: expected
!–!káu, "unexp-cnt"
?: x->x vague number: unexpected
!–!kai, "unkn-cnt"
?: x->x vague number: unknown
!–n!gài, "known-cnt"
?: x->x vague number: known
!–!kúi, "distributed"
?: x->x vague number: (regularly) distributed
!–!kìu, "regular"
?: x->x vague number: irregularly distributed
!–!kái, "one"
?: x->x number: one, singular suffix
!–!kíuʕ/a, "two"
?: x->x number: two, dual suffix
!–!kùi, "three"
?: x->x number: three, trial suffix
x–ts–, "shift"
root root of valence and focus shift markers
x–tsu, "pass"
(p): p->a passive valence shift marker: the valence is changed so that the patient becomes the agent (~ passive), a possible agent may be expressed using an agitative case adjunct.
(a,p): a->agi, p->a passive valence shift marker: the valence is changed so that the patient becomes the agent (~ passive), a possible agent may be expressed using an agitative case adjunct.
x–tsaʕ/a, "antip"
(a): a->p antipassive valence shift marker: the valence is changed so that the agent becomes the patient (~ antipassive), a possible patient is removed from the argument slot and may be expressed using a SVC with the verb 'do' + patient.
(a,p): a->p, p->svc antipassive valence shift marker: the valence is changed so that the agent becomes the patient (~ antipassive), a possible patient is removed from the argument slot and may be expressed using a SVC with the verb 'do' + patient.
x–tsí, "recip"
(): x->x for a relational noun: the _ of each other
(): ()->p for a relational noun: being _ of each other
(a,p): a->(), p->() the _:ing on each other
(a,p): a->(), p->(), ()->p to _ each other
n!–q–, "abstract"
root abstract
n!–qý, "property"
(p): p->() the abstract property of _
n!–qù, "metaphor"
?: x->x metaphorically _
ǂk–t–, "size"
root related to size
ǂk–táu, "size"
(): x->x of the size of _; with degree: small...large _
ǂk–tì, "high"
(): x->x of the height of _; with degree: flat...high/tall _
ǂk–tú, "deep"
(): x->x of the depth of _; with degree: shallow...deep _
ǂk–táuqý = ǂk–táu + n!–qý, "size"
head() size (the concept of size, the abstract property of having a certain size)
ǂk–táu, "sized-one"
(): x->x of the size of _; with degree: small...large _
ǂk–táurá = ǂk–táu + !–rá, "small"
head(p) to be small
ǂk–táurà = ǂk–táu + !–rà, "large"
head(p) to be large
ǂk–tu, "weight"
?: x->x _ of a certain weight
ǂk–tuqù = ǂk–tu + n!–qù, "easy/difficult"
head(p) to be easy or difficult to a certain degree (a degree is usually added to the 'weight' stem)
ǂk–turàqù = ǂk–tu + !–rà + n!–qù, "difficult"
head(p) to be difficult
ǂk–turàqù = ǂk–tu + !–rà + n!–qù, "difficult-thing"
head() a difficult thing
ǂk–táu, "independence"
?: x->x _ by oneself; _ independently
ǂk–táu, "independent"
?: x->x _ by oneself; _ independently
n!g–t–, "size"
root quality: properties like good, bad, ...
ǂk–tú, "good"
?: x->x _ well; good _
ǂk–tì, "good"
?: x->x bad(ly) _
ql–sỳtr–, "birth"
root (give) birth
ql–st–, "make"
root make, create
ql–stí, "ripe"
ql–sta, "composed"
(): x->x substance of _; that which _ is composed of; the essence of _
ql–stìu, "do"
(): ()->a to perform, participate in, do the/a _
(a): a->(), ()->a to perform, participate in, do the/a _
(p): ()->a to perform, participate in, do the/a _
(a,p): a->(), ()->a to perform, participate in, do the/a _
ql–stìuqþi = ql–stìu + x–qþi, "service"
head(a,p) to service
ql–stỳ, "use"
?: x->x _ as a tool; with _; using _ (~ instrumental case)
ql–stỳ, "be-tool"
?: x->x _ as a tool; with _; using _ (~ instrumental case)
ql–stỳ, "tool"
?: x->x _ as a tool; with _; using _ (~ instrumental case)
ql–stá, "make"
?: x->x _ in a creative way; _ for creating, crafting
ql–stá, "creator"
?: x->x _ in a creative way; _ for creating, crafting
ql–stai, "work"
ql–stai, "work-at"
ql–stai, "worker"
s–n|–, "person"
root related to persons, humans, sentients
s–n|ái, "child"
(): x->x child/young _
s–n|ái, "be-child"
(): x->x child/young _
s–n|ù, "someone"
(): ()->a (from same stem 'to do'): make (to be) _
(a): a->(), ()->a (from same stem 'to do'): make (to be) _
(p): ()->a (from same stem 'to do'): make (to be) _
(a,p): a->(), ()->a (from same stem 'to do'): make (to be) _
s–n|iu, "dem"
?: x->x this, that, yonder _
s–n|au, "person"
(a): a->() the one(agent) who _ (for non-human agents, use antipassive + patient derivation of stem 'thing')
(a,p): a->() the one(agent) who _ (for non-human agents, use antipassive + patient derivation of stem 'thing')
s–n|au, "be-person"
(a): a->() the one(agent) who _ (for non-human agents, use antipassive + patient derivation of stem 'thing')
(a,p): a->() the one(agent) who _ (for non-human agents, use antipassive + patient derivation of stem 'thing')
x–st–, "incorp-1"
root marks a suffixed case: an incorporated 1st person adjunct
x–xk–, "incorp-2"
root derivational suffix: marks a suffixed case: an incorporated 2nd person adjunct
x–hh–, "incorp-3"
root derivational suffix: marks a suffixed case: an incorporated 3rd person adjunct (known 3rd person)
x–tr–, "incorp-3no"
root derivational suffix: marks a suffixed case: an incorporated 4th person adjunct (unknown 4rd person)
x–sty, "1"
x–xky, "2"
x–hhy, "3"
x–hhyràu = x–hhy + !–ràu, "3same"
head() he, she, it: known, same reference third person pronoun. May also be used to refer to whole clauses
x–hhyráu = x–hhy + !–ráu, "3other"
head() he, she, it: known, other reference third person pronoun. May also be used to refer to whole clauses
x–try, "3no"
n–nq–, "aversion"
root aversion
n–nqu, "scare"
(): x->x scary _
(): ()->p be scared by _
(): ()->a, ()->p scare with _
s–nǂg–, "small-furry"
root small, furry thing, usually animal
s–nǂgỳ, "dog"
s–nǂgỳ, "be-dog"
qþ–ql–, "fact"
root fact
nd–tr–, "know"
root knowledge, information
||–kx–, "belief"
root belief; holy; supernatural
n–ks–, "feel"
root intuition, feeling
n–tl–, "instinct"
root instinct
n–ng–, "perceive"
root perception, feeling
n–r–, "experience"
root experience; be sentient
nd–||–, "conclude"
root conclusion; intelligence
nd–||y, "thusly"
?: x->x thus(ly) _
qþ–qþ–, "hearsay"
root (to come to know by) hearsay, rumors
n–ngí, "watch"
?: x->x _ in order to perceive/watch
n–ngì, "regard"
(): ()->a regard as _
qþ–qþùi, "got2know"
(): ()->p (accidentally) know _
nd–trùi, "know"
||–kxùi, "believe"
qþ–qlùi, "fact"
n–ksùi, "feel"
n–ngùi, "witness"
(): ()->p to witness _
(p): p->(), ()->p to witness _
(a): ()->p to witness _
(a,p): p->(), ()->p to witness _
(): ()->a to be conscious about _: w/ durative aspect: to think about _
(a): a->(), ()->a to be conscious about _: w/ durative aspect: to think about _
(p): ()->a to be conscious about _: w/ durative aspect: to think about _
(a,p): a->(), ()->a to be conscious about _: w/ durative aspect: to think about _
n–ngùi, "think"
(): ()->p to witness _
(p): p->(), ()->p to witness _
(a): ()->p to witness _
(a,p): p->(), ()->p to witness _
(): ()->a to be conscious about _: w/ durative aspect: to think about _
(a): a->(), ()->a to be conscious about _: w/ durative aspect: to think about _
(p): ()->a to be conscious about _: w/ durative aspect: to think about _
(a,p): a->(), ()->a to be conscious about _: w/ durative aspect: to think about _
n–ksai, "mean"
n–ksai, "opinion"
n–rùi, "be-involved"
tr–nd–, "aspect"
root related to time structure of an event/state
tr–ndỳ, "to-last"
?: x->x durative aspect
tr–ndỳ, "result"
?: x->x the result of _ (converts a resultative into the result)
tr–ndáu, "be-complete"
?: x->x perfective aspect: the temporal structure of the action considered as a unit
tr–ndài, "exist"
?: x->x manifestational aspect: there is/are _
tr–ndì, "become"
(p): p->a, ()->p inchoative causative: make become _
(): ()->a inchoative causative: make become _
(p): x->x inchoative: become _
(): x->x inchoative: become _
tr–ndì, "make"
(p): p->a, ()->p inchoative causative: make become _
(): ()->a inchoative causative: make become _
(p): x->x inchoative: become _
(): x->x inchoative: become _
tr–nda, "cause"
(): ()->a resultative causative: to cause to (be a) _ (original agent: agitative adjunct)
(a): a->agi, ()->a resultative causative: to cause to (be a) _ (original agent: agitative adjunct)
(p): ()->a resultative causative: to cause to (be a) _ (original agent: agitative adjunct)
(a,p): a->agi, ()->a resultative causative: to cause to (be a) _ (original agent: agitative adjunct)
(): x->x resultative: for _ to become true
(p): x->x resultative: for _ to become true
ql–stíndì = ql–stí + tr–ndì, "make-ripe"
head(a,p) to make ripe, to cook, to bake, to prepare
tr–||k–, "time"
root related to time
tr–||káu, "young"
(): x->x young _
s–n|ái||káu = s–n|ái + tr–||káu, "young-child"
head() small/young child; baby
s–n|ái||káurà = s–n|ái + tr–||káu + !–rà, "baby"
head() baby
s–n|au||káu = s–n|au + tr–||káu, "young-person"
head() a young person ('young' being relative to age of speaker)
tr–||kí, "stop"
(): ()->a stop _
(a): a->(), ()->a stop _
(p): ()->a stop _
(a,p): a->(), ()->a stop _
tr–||kì, "past"
?: x->x past tense, ex-_; if this is further modified with a period of time, that period may be modified with an integer degree to indicate how many periods of that time in the past.
tr–||kì, "past"
?: x->x past tense, ex-_; if this is further modified with a period of time, that period may be modified with an integer degree to indicate how many periods of that time in the past.
tr–||ká, "present"
?: x->x present tense; {if modified by the 100% degree, this time is to be interpretend absolutely, thus not relative to the context}
tr–||ká, "present"
?: x->x present tense; {if modified by the 100% degree, this time is to be interpretend absolutely, thus not relative to the context}
tr–||kù, "begin"
(): x->x begin _
tr–||kú, "future"
?: x->x future tense, will-be-_; if this is further modified with a period of time, that period may be modified with an integer degree to indicate how many periods of that time in the future.
tr–||ky, "aorist"
?: x->x aorist tense: timeless: was, is, will be
tr–||ký, "event"
?: x->x event of _
tr–||kau, "time"
?: x->x time of _
tr–||ký, "happen"
?: x->x event of _
tr–||kái, "day"
nd–hh–, "interpret"
root to interpret, to (try to) understand
nd–hhak/i, "connote"
?: x->x what _ means; the meaning of _
?: x->x to be the meaning of _
nd–hhà, "reason"
nd–hhìu, "interpret"
?: x->x _ by interpretation
n–ngíhhìu = n–ngí + nd–hhìu, "read"
head(a,p) to read; to listen (carefully, in communication); (to examine)
k–ǂk–, "document"
root document, paper/medium containing information
k–ǂku, "book"
k–q–, "hide"
root hide; hide-out
k–qý, "hide"
!–tl–, "unique"
root unique; e.g. in names etc.
!–tlù, "name"
(): x->x marks _ as a personal name
ng–h–, "water"
root water; liquid
ng–hù, "water"
?: x->x liquid _; [fruit,plants] juice of _; [body parts] liquid in/from _; [actions] _ like typically done to liquids
ng–hài, "oil"
?: x->x oily _; [fruit,plants,nuts...] oil of _
ng–hi, "hot-water"
?: x->x boiling _; hot _ (for liquids only)
nk–tl–, "metal"
root metal; solid
nk–tlý, "grind"
?: x->x _ that needs chewing/grinding, is chewed/ground
ng–hàu, "snow"
(): x->x _ made of snow
ng–há, "ice"
(): x->x _ made of ice
ng–hai, "steam"
s–n|auhàu = s–n|au + ng–hàu, "snowman"
head() man made of snow: snowman
ks–hh–, "part"
root part-relation, inclusion, exclusion
ks–hhú, "also"
?: x->x also _
ks–hhú, "add"
?: x->x also _
ks–hhau, "like"
?: x->x like _, similar to _
ks–hhiu, "part"
?: x->x a part of _ (modified by number: n parts of)
ks–hhiu, "part"
?: x->x a part of _ (modified by number: n parts of)
ks–hhìu, "head"
?: x->x the point of _
ks–hhù, "incl"
stem() inclusive(ly) _
?: x->x inclusive(ly) _
ks–hhí, "excl"
stem() exclusive(ly) _
?: x->x exclusive(ly) _
r–q–, "abs-orient"
root absolute orientation
r–qùi, "north"
?: x->x from the north; in the north; through the north
r–|–, "rel-orient"
root relative orientation
r–|íu, "back"
?: x->x _ back, towards a location/state where it once already was
r–|au, "reverse"
?: x->x _ reversed, opposite of _, with 'cause': de_, un_
r–|au, "opposite"
?: x->x _ reversed, opposite of _, with 'cause': de_, un_
s–n|iu|au = s–n|iu + r–|au, "opp2this"
head() opposite to this; essive case: instead of this
t–||k–, "gas"
root gas, air
t–||kui, "air"
t–||kui, "blow"
t–||ký, "wind"
t–k–, "matter-1"
root certain types of chemicals matter
t–kài, "sulphur"
t–kù, "salt"
?: x->x salty _, salted _, _ with salt
nǂ–k–, "colour"
root colour
nǂ–ky, "colour"
(): x->x the colour of _
nǂ–kài, "yellow"
(): x->x yellow(ish) _
nǂ–rq–, "feeling"
root related to impressions/feeling of humans or sentients
nǂ–rqan/a, "impression"
?: x->x to have/make the sensoric impression of _ (_ is an action or a sensor)
?: x->x the sensoric impression of _ (_ is an action or a sensor)
rq–tr–, "light"
root light, bright; sun; radiation
rq–trà, "sun"
rq–trá, "light"
rq–trá, "bright"
rq–trá, "bright"
rq–trárà = rq–trá + !–rà, "bright!"
head(p) very bright
rq–tráru = rq–trá + !–ru, "dark"
head(p) dark (=not bright)
rq–tráqý = rq–trá + n!–qý, "brightness"
head() brightness (=property of having a certain brightness)
rq–tru, "planet"
?: x->x planetary _; also: profane _
t–||kýqùi = t–||ký + r–qùi, "northwind"
head() wind in/from the north: northwind
nq–nq–, "disagree"
root disagree, fight, dispute, war
nq–nqi, "attack"
?: x->x to attack by (doing) _, (do) _ in order to attack
nq–nqiu, "fight"
?: x->x to do _ in an aggressive, fighting way; in order to trigger a fight
nq–n!–, "unhappy"
root unhappy; angry; bored; (~related to dissonant internal emotional state)
nq–n!u, "angry"
(): x->x angry _
nq–r–, "avoid"
root to avoid; to beware of
nq–rí, "avoid"
nq–rá, "pay-attention"
nq–rá, "attention"
q–t–, "order"
root order
q–tìu, "be-in-order"
q–tìu, "order"
q–r–, "seek"
root to seek, to attract
q–rí, "seek"
q–rá, "look-after"
nq–rírà = nq–rí + !–rà, "beware"
head(a,p) to beware of
qþ–n|g–, "word"
root word
qþ–n|gu, "sing"
qþ–n|gy, "word"
?: x->x by means of saying _
qþ–n|gài, "s7"
qþ–n|gy, "talk"
?: x->x by means of saying _
qþ–n|gy, "tell"
?: x->x by means of saying _
qþ–n|gynqiu = qþ–n|gy + nq–nqiu, "dispute"
head(a,p) to tell with opposition; [reciprocal:] to dispute, to have an argument
!–x–, "more"
root much, more, additional; superfluous; wait; delay
!–xá, "disloc"
stem() (prefix: marks adjunct right-dislocation)
?: x->x (prefix: marks adjunct right-dislocation)
!–xi, "more"
?: x->x comparatively more (of) _ (than that mentioned before or after)
qþ–!–, "uncertain"
root uncertain; question
qþ–!ái, "question"
qþ–!ái, "ask"
qþ–!a, "which?"
?: x->x which, who, what: interrogative
tr–ks–, "place"
root place, location, space
tr–ksàu, "near"
(): x->x a location near _
(): ()->p be near to _
tr–ksí, "far"
(): x->x (being) far away from _
tr–ksá, "place"
?: x->x location of _
tr–ksì, "room"
(): x->x room/chamber/box where _
(a): a->() room/chamber/box where _
(p): p->() room/chamber/box where _
(a,p): a->(), p->() room/chamber/box where _
tr–ksú, "state"
?: x->x state of _
tr–ksáu, "extension"
?: x->x extension/region/domain/dominion of _
rq–t–, "power"
root power, strength
rq–tiu, "strong"
(): x->x strong _
rq–tiu, "strength"
(): x->x strong _
rq–ta, "emperor"
(): x->x _ over which (someone/AGT) rules; kingdom over _
rq–ta, "rule"
(): x->x _ over which (someone/AGT) rules; kingdom over _
rq–tatáu = rq–ta + ǂk–táu, "rule-by-oneself"
head(a,p) to rule by oneself
rq–tatáu = rq–ta + ǂk–táu, "sovereign"
head(a) to be sovereign
rq–tatáutsanqý = rq–ta + ǂk–táu + x–tsaʕ/a + n!–qý, "sovereignty"
head() sovereignty (abstract property of ruling by oneself)
rq–tatáuksáu = rq–ta + ǂk–táu + tr–ksáu, "dominion"
head() dominion, sovereignty (extension/region of ruling by oneself)
rq–ta!kau = rq–ta + !–!kau, "government"
head() government; 'group of all rulers'
rq–ql–, "ingest"
root eat, drink, food, beverage
rq–qla, "ingest"
rq–qlahù = rq–qla + ng–hù, "drink"
head(a,p) to drink
rq–qlahù = rq–qla + ng–hù, "beverage"
head() (a/the) drink, beverage
rq–qlatlý = rq–qla + nk–tlý, "eat"
head(a,p) to eat
rq–qlatlý = rq–qla + nk–tlý, "food"
head() food
rq–ts–, "protect"
root to protect
rq–tsỳ, "protect"
?: x->x _ for protection, _ in order to protect
n|g–t–, "distribute"
root distribution, spreading
n|g–tui, "over"
(): x->x _ that covers all over
n|g–tà, "shape"
?: x->x the shape of _; the method of doing _
n|g–tù, "dimensional"
(): ()->p be _ dimensional (derivation of numbers)
rq–trutàhhau = rq–tru + n|g–tà + ks–hhau, "spherical"
head() like a sphere: shaped like a planet
rq–trutàhhau = rq–tru + n|g–tà + ks–hhau, "sphere"
head() sphere: shaped like a planet
|k–n|–, "clothes"
root clothes, fabric, adornment
|k–n|á, "wear"
(): ()->a to wear _
|k–n|átsỳ = |k–n|á + rq–tsỳ, "wear"
head(a,p) to wear with the purpose of protecting (i.e. 'to wear' for functional clothing, not adornment or jewelry)
|k–n|ỳ, "jacket"
|k–n|ỳtui = |k–n|ỳ + n|g–tui, "cloak"
head() cloak; 'a jacket covering all over'
|k–||k–, "instrument"
root instrument, tool
|k–||kùi, "knife"
?: x->x _ by using a knife/by cutting with anything sharp
|k–||kùi, "cut"
?: x->x _ by using a knife/by cutting with anything sharp
|–k–, "fire"
root fire, to be warm, to be hot
|–kà, "warm"
(): x->x warm/cold _; _ having a certain temperature
ql–stíndìksìkà = ql–stí + tr–ndì + tr–ksì + |–kà, "oven"
head() oven
ql–stíndìksìkàstỳ = ql–stí + tr–ndì + tr–ksì + |–kà + ql–stỳ, "bake"
head(a,p) to bake in the oven
n|–ǂ–, "move"
root movement
n|–ǂy, "pull"
?: x->x _ by pulling
n|–ǂíu, "push"
?: x->x _ by pressing/pushing
n|–ǂai, "throw"
?: x->x _ by throwing
n|–ǂu, "move"
?: x->x the moving/coming/going _; _ by moving
n|–ǂý, "arrive"
?: x->x arriving at _; resulting in _ (terminative case); the arrival of _
n|–ǂáin/a, "go-to"
?: x->x going to _, coming to _, moving to _; to _; in order to _ (allative case)
n|–ǂui, "go-through"
?: x->x going through _, coming through _, moving through _; through _; by _ (perlative case)
n|–ǂíu, "depart"
?: x->x departing from_, coming from _, from _; by _ (ablative case)
tr–n|–, "out"
root (spacetime relation), in, inside, out, outside, at the side (wrt. space and/or time)
tr–|ak/i, "be-at"
(): ()->p to be at _ (~ locative case), PAT=what
(): x->x location of _
tr–|ak/i, "location"
(): ()->p to be at _ (~ locative case), PAT=what
(): x->x location of _
n|–ǂì, "travel"
tl–h–, "body"
root body and body parts
tl–hí, "hand-or-foot"
?: x->x manually _; _ with ones hands/feet/paws/claws
tl–hài, "eye"
?: x->x visually _; _ with ones eyes
tl–hà, "tongue"
?: x->x _ with ones tongue
tl–hú, "nose"
?: x->x _ with ones nose
tl–húrqà = tl–hú + nǂ–rqan/a, "odour"
head() smell, odour
tl–húrqà = tl–hú + nǂ–rqan/a, "smell"
head(p) (for s.t.) to smell: as in 'The garlic smells' (without control). Changing the valence to AGT implies control over the smell: 'The person smells(AGT)' => lack of personal hygiene.
tl–hústỳ = tl–hú + ql–stỳ, "smell"
head(a,p) to smell as in 'I smell garlic.': to use one's nose as a tool. The patient may be left out to indicate a general scan of the odours around.
tl–hau, "tongue/nose"
?: x->x _ with ones tongue and nose
tl–haurqà = tl–hau + nǂ–rqan/a, "taste"
head(p) (for s.t.) to taste both with tongue and nose: as in 'The food tastes and smells well'. Split-S: may be used with (agt) valence, too.
tl–hàihù = tl–hài + ng–hù, "tear"
head() tear: liquid from the eyes
tl–hy, "body"
(): x->x of animals, humans: the body of _
tl–hysta = tl–hy + ql–sta, "flesh"
head() flesh; meat
tl–há, "male"
(): x->x male _
tl–há, "man"
(): x->x male _
tl–hù, "female"
(): x->x female _
tl–hù, "woman"
(): x->x female _
tl–híǂu = tl–hí + n|–ǂu, "foot"
head() body part: foot
tl–hístá = tl–hí + ql–stá, "hand"
head() body part: hand
n|–ǂìhí = n|–ǂì + tl–hí, "walk"
head(a) to walk, 'to travel manually/using hand,foot,paw,claw'
n|–ǂìhín|au = n|–ǂì + tl–hí + s–n|au, "pedestrian"
head() pedestrian
!–|k–, "equal"
root equality, equal, same, identity
!–|kà, "equal"
?: x->x (to be of) equal/equally _
n–ksai|kànda = n–ksai + !–|kà + tr–nda, "agree"
head(a,p) to convince; to agree (reciprocal); 'about': adjunct in topicative.
|k–hh–, "house"
root house; home; shelter; place for dwelling
|k–hhá, "house"
?: x->x domestic(ized) _
|k–hhý, "home"
n!g–ǂ–, "beauty"
root beauty
n!g–ǂau, "pretty"
(): x->x pretty/nice/beautiful _
?: x->x _ in a pretty/nice/beautiful way
n!g–ǂau, "beautiful-thing"
(): x->x pretty/nice/beautiful _
?: x->x _ in a pretty/nice/beautiful way
n!g–ǂauqý = n!g–ǂau + n!–qý, "beauty"
head() beauty
rq–tráǂaurì = rq–trá + n!g–ǂau + !–rìk/i, "glorious"
head(p) glorious
rq–tráǂaurìqý = rq–trá + n!g–ǂau + !–rìk/i + n!–qý, "glory"
head() glory
!k–rq–, "ability"
root ability
!k–n–, "constraint"
root constraint
!k–ný, "constraint"
!k–ný, "constrained"
!k–ný, "constrain"
!k–ný|au = !k–ný + r–|au, "free"
head(p) free; unconstrainted
!k–ný|aunda = !k–ný + r–|au + tr–nda, "free"
head(a,p) make free; make unconstrained
!k–rqý, "able"
?: x->x _ is possible, can be done (like genitive modification with 3p-same agent), a possible _, _-able
n!–nd–, "wish"
root wish, desire
n!–ndá, "want"
?: x->x _ is wanted (by _: causative adjunct)
n!–ndárí = n!–ndá + !–ríx/u, "desire"
head(a,p) A desires P
n!–ndá, "shall"
?: x->x _ is wanted (by _: causative adjunct)
!k–s–, "obligation"
root obligation
!k–sù, "urge"
?: x->x _ needs to happen/is a need/is urged (due to/by _: causative adjunct)
!k–sù, "necessary"
?: x->x _ needs to happen/is a need/is urged (due to/by _: causative adjunct)
!k–sù, "command"
?: x->x _ must happen/is a duty/is ordered (by _: causative adjunct)
!k–sù, "must"
?: x->x _ must happen/is a duty/is ordered (by _: causative adjunct)
!k–sùrunda = !k–sù + !–ru + tr–nda, "absolve"
head(a,p) to absolve; to forgive; A causes that P need not be (done)/is not a must/is not in debt
n!g–h–, "amount"
root something, a bit, much, all, amount
n!g–hai, "thing"
(p): p->() something/someone(patient) who (is) _ (for human patients, use passive + agent derivation of stem 'person')
(a,p): p->() something/someone(patient) who (is) _ (for human patients, use passive + agent derivation of stem 'person')
rq–qla, "food/beverage"
n!g–hui, "some-amount"
n!g–huiri = n!g–hui + !–ri, "all"
head() all, everything
n–qþ–, "liking"
root liking
n–qþu, "like"
n–qþúi, "benevolent"
?: x->x _ for good purposes (benefactive case)
n–qþìu, "malevolent"
?: x->x _ for bad purposes (malefactive case)
n–qþìu, "evil"
?: x->x _ for bad purposes (malefactive case)
n!–ndá, "will"
?: x->x _ is wanted (by _: causative adjunct)
n!–ndárítsanda = n!–ndá + !–ríx/u + x–tsaʕ/a + tr–nda, "tempt"
head(a,p) A causes desire in P; A tempts P (to do ...: SVP with 'to do')
n!–ndárítsanda||ký = n!–ndá + !–ríx/u + x–tsaʕ/a + tr–nda + tr–||ký, "temptation"
head() temptation
x–hhù, "com-3"
stem() only as derivation: _ with her/him/it {incorporated anonymous adjunct in comitative case, like a comitative adjunct on a generic 3p-argument}
?: x->x only as derivation: _ with her/him/it {incorporated anonymous adjunct in comitative case, like a comitative adjunct on a generic 3p-argument}
x–hhúi, "ben-3"
stem() only as derivation: _ for her/him/it {incorporated anonymous adjunct in benefactive case, like a benefactive adjunct on a generic 3p-argument}
?: x->x only as derivation: _ for her/him/it {incorporated anonymous adjunct in benefactive case, like a benefactive adjunct on a generic 3p-argument}
x–hhú, "cau-3"
stem() only as derivation: _ due to/because of her/him/it {incorporated anonymous adjunct in causative case, like a causative adjunct on a generic 3p-argument}
?: x->x only as derivation: _ due to/because of her/him/it {incorporated anonymous adjunct in causative case, like a causative adjunct on a generic 3p-argument}
n–q–, "joy"
root joy
n–qúi, "play"
n–qỳ, "enjoyable"
n–qỳndì = n–qỳ + tr–ndì, "entertain"
head(a,p) to entertain (~ to make enjoy [things, life])
ǂ–||k–, "destroy"
root destroy, destruction
ǂ–||ká, "destroy"
?: x->x to do _ in order to destroy
n|–ǂy||ká = n|–ǂy + ǂ–||ká, "tear-apart"
head(a,p) to tear apart
n|g–kx–, "rest"
root rest, remains, things that are left over
n|g–kxàu, "remain"
n|g–kxàuhai = n|g–kxàu + n!g–hai, "remains"
head() (the) remains; that which is left over
n|g–kxúi, "hole"
n|g–kxúingí = n|g–kxúi + n–ngí, "window"
head() window
tr–n|ì, "out"
?: x->x place,time: (at the) outside of _; notional: apart from doing _
tr–n|àu, "side"
?: x->x place,time: aside of _; notional: while also (doing) _
tr–n|àk/i, "on-top"
?: x->x on top of _
tr–n|y, "center"
?: x->x in the center of _
q–tìundìn|aurau = q–tìu + tr–ndì + s–n|au + !–rau, "police"
head() The police
nǂg–nq–, "possession"
root possession; exchange/change of possession
nǂg–nqá, "gift"
(): ()->p get _ (pat=recipient)
(): ()->a, ()->p give _ (pat=recipient, agt=giver)
(): ()->a give away _ (agt=giver)
nǂg–nqá, "give"
(): ()->p get _ (pat=recipient)
(): ()->a, ()->p give _ (pat=recipient, agt=giver)
(): ()->a give away _ (agt=giver)
nǂg–nqá, "give-to"
(): ()->p get _ (pat=recipient)
(): ()->a, ()->p give _ (pat=recipient, agt=giver)
(): ()->a give away _ (agt=giver)
nǂg–nqá|íusù = nǂg–nqá + r–|íu + !k–sù, "owe"
head(a) A must give _ back to P, A owes _ to P
nǂg–nqá|íusù = nǂg–nqá + r–|íu + !k–sù, "debt"
head() debt; 'that which must be given back'
nǂg–nqá|íusùn|au = nǂg–nqá + r–|íu + !k–sù + s–n|au, "debtor"
head() debtor; 'the one who has to give something back to s.o.'
nǂg–nqán|gy = nǂg–nqá + qþ–n|gy, "send"
head() to send
x–n–, "scope"
root concerning the way the following affix binds to the stem, i.e., how it influences the derivation
x–nù, "narrow"
stem() narrow scope: the following suffix only modifies the directly preceding affix.
?: x->x narrow scope: the following suffix only modifies the directly preceding affix.
x–ní, "broad"
stem() broad scope: the following suffix modifies the whole preceding stem.
?: x->x broad scope: the following suffix modifies the whole preceding stem.
ǂk–x–, "one"
root the number one. Some digits use this.
ǂk–xái, "one"
?: x->x one _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–xu, "eleven"
?: x->x eleven _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–qþ–, "two"
root the number two. Some digits divisible use this.
ǂk–qþái, "two"
?: x->x two _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–qþíuʕ/a, "four"
?: x->x four _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–qþùi, "four"
?: x->x six _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–qþu, "twelve"
?: x->x twelve _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–||k–, "three"
root the number three. Some digits divisible use this.
ǂk–||kái, "three"
?: x->x three _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–||kùi, "nine"
?: x->x nine _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–||ku, "thirteen"
?: x->x thirteen _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–nq–, "five"
root the number five. Some digits divisible use this.
ǂk–nqái, "five"
?: x->x five _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–nqíuʕ/a, "ten"
?: x->x ten _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–nqùi, "fifteen"
?: x->x fifteen _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–rq–, "seven"
root the number seven. Some digits divisible use this.
ǂk–rqái, "seven"
?: x->x seven _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–rqíuʕ/a, "fourteen"
?: x->x fourteen _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–ks–, "eight"
root the number eight. Some digits divisible use this.
ǂk–ksái, "eight"
?: x->x eight _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–ksíuʕ/a, "sixteen"
?: x->x fourteen _ (digit suffix)
ǂk–ksu, "zero"
?: x->x zero _ (digit suffix)
st–ǂk–, "family"
root family
st–ǂkau, "family"
(): x->x family, clan of _
st–ǂkíx/u, "parent"
(): x->x parent of _
st–ǂkú, "offspring"
(): x->x offspring, child of _
st–ǂka, "spouse"
(): x->x spouse of _
rq–ql–, "living"
root living, place of living, world, air (used for living), water (used for living)
rq–qlùʕ/a, "life"
?: x->x living/life-causing _
rq–qluin/a, "plant"
(a): a->() the plant being used for/causing _
(a,p): a->() the plant being used for/causing _
tl–hàihùndaqlùi = tl–hài + ng–hù + tr–nda + rq–qluin/a, "onion"
head() onion
rq–qlùʕ/a, "be-living"
?: x->x living/life-causing _
rq–qlùndỳ = rq–qlùʕ/a + tr–ndỳ, "live"
head(p) live (durative)
rq–qlùn||gyhhai = rq–qlùʕ/a + tr–||ky + nd–hhak/i, "meaning-of-life"
head() meaning of life
rq–qlùn||gyhhaingùindỳ = rq–qlùʕ/a + tr–||ky + nd–hhak/i + n–ngùi + tr–ndỳ, "to-philosoph"
head(a) to philosoph, to think about the meaning of (the timeless concept of) life
rq–qlùn||gyhhaingùindỳn|au = rq–qlùʕ/a + tr–||ky + nd–hhak/i + n–ngùi + tr–ndỳ + s–n|au, "philosopher"
head() philosopher
rq–qlùn||gyhhaingùindỳn|au = rq–qlùʕ/a + tr–||ky + nd–hhak/i + n–ngùi + tr–ndỳ + s–n|au, "be-philosopher"
head(p) to be a philosopher
rq–qlái, "land"
(): x->x land of _, land where _ is
rq–qláista = rq–qlái + ql–sta, "soil"
head() soil, that of which land is composed
rq–qláistaky = rq–qlái + ql–sta + nǂ–ky, "brown"
head() brown
rq–qláita = rq–qlái + rq–ta, "kingdom"
head() kingdom; reign; empire; state
rq–qlái!kau = rq–qlái + !–!kau, "world"
head() the world; 'the landhood'
rq–qláitru = rq–qlái + rq–tru, "earth"
head() earth (planetary/profane land)
rq–qly, "grain"
(): x->x _ made of grain
rq–qlyqlù = rq–qly + rq–qlùʕ/a, "seed"
head() seed, semen, sperm
rq–qlaqly = rq–qla + rq–qly, "bread"
head() bread
rq–qlaqlysta = rq–qla + rq–qly + ql–sta, "dough"
head() dough, 'substance of which bread consists'
||–s–, "transcendental"
root transcendental
||–sai, "transcendental"
(): x->x transcendental _
||–x–, "divine"
root god, divine
||–xáu, "god"
(): x->x divine _
?: x->x _ in a divine way; for a divine purpose
||–xáu, "divine"
(): x->x divine _
?: x->x _ in a divine way; for a divine purpose
||–xáuksàu = ||–xáu + tr–ksàu, "holy"
head(p) holy, near god
||–xáuǂíu = ||–xáu + n|–ǂíu, "holy"
head(p) holy, from god
ql–stỳxáuqþúihhí = ql–stỳ + ||–xáu + n–qþúi + ks–hhí, "holy"
head(p) holy, for benevolent divine usage only
ql–stỳqþìu = ql–stỳ + n–qþìu, "misuse"
head(a,p) misuse
||–xáuqlái = ||–xáu + rq–qlái, "heaven"
head() heaven (~ land/world of god)
rq–qlytlý = rq–qly + nk–tlý, "flour"
head() flour, ground grain
rq–qlùihài = rq–qluin/a + ng–hài, "veg.-oil"
head() vegetable oil, oil from plants
ng–hihhau = ng–hi + ks–hhau, "be-boiling"
head(p) to be boiling
ng–hihhaundì = ng–hi + ks–hhau + tr–ndì, "boil"
head(a,p) to boil, to cook
tr–|aita = tr–|ak/i + tr–nda, "put"
head(a,p) to put (AGT=causer, PAT=destination, TOP=what)
tr–n|àu|aita = tr–n|àu + tr–|ak/i + tr–nda, "put-aside"
head(a,p) to put/set aside (AGT=causer, PAT=what)
n|–ǂuitsíndì = n|–ǂui + x–tsí + tr–ndì, "to-mix"
head(a,p) to mix (inchoative): to work towards going through one-another
n|–ǂuitsínda = n|–ǂui + x–tsí + tr–nda, "to-mix"
head(a,p) to mix (resultative): to cause to be going through one-another
n|–ǂuitsíndìhí = n|–ǂui + x–tsí + tr–ndì + tl–hí, "knead"
head(a,p) to knead, to mix with ones hands
tr–n|àitsíndì = tr–n|àk/i + x–tsí + tr–ndì, "to-fold"
head(a,p) to fold; to put onto each other: to work towards being on top of each other (NOTE: inchoative, not resultative, ie, this denotes the action)
ǂk–tìrá = ǂk–tì + !–rá, "flat"
head(p) be flat
ǂk–tìrándì = ǂk–tì + !–rá + tr–ndì, "flat"
head(a,p) to flatten; very vague: there are many ways to make things flat.
ǂk–tìrándì||kùi = ǂk–tì + !–rá + tr–ndì + |k–||kùi, "slice"
head(a,p) to slice: make flat by cutting with a knive
tl–haurqàndatsahai = tl–hau + nǂ–rqan/a + tr–nda + x–tsaʕ/a + n!g–hai, "spice"
head() spice: thing that causes taste (=sensoric impressions of tongue and nose)

Content

Index

May 16th, 2011
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