Ring E: 9/22: Tatari Faran

Interlinear

※

nisimun	ifasan	baripai'i	utu
ni-simun	i-fasa-n	baripai-'i	utu.\\
AUX_RCP-wrapping	COMP-meat-CIRC	cook-INF	in_order_to
How to cook Meat Wraps

tibe	tumahan	mei	so	e,	fasa	misais	so,	nesaras
tibe	tumahan	mei	so	e,	fasa	misai-s	so,	nesaras
prepare	ingredient	these	CVY.NEUT	as_follows	meat	deer-PART	CVY.NEUT	wheat
Prepare beforehand the following ingredients: deer meat, powdered

tibas	sa	ei,	tibun	usus	so	ei,	ma'an
tibas	sa	ei,	tibun	usu-s	so	ei,	ma'an
powder_form	CVY.MASC	and	bowl	water-PART	CVY.NEUT	and	essence
wheat [i.e. flour], a bowl of water, essence

katabatis	sa	ei,	kiaram	sa	ei,	buarat
katabat-is	sa	ei,	kiaram	sa	ei,	buarat
black_olive\PART-PART	CVY.MASC	and	salt	CVY.MASC	and	onion
of olives, salt, onion,

si'ei,	bihuun	tiras	so	ei,	purifiras	si'ei,	kitina
si='ei,	bihuun	tiras	so	ei,	purifiras	si'=ei,	kitina
CVY.FEM=and	pepper_powder	white	CVY.NEUT	end	garlic	CVY.FEM=and	sour_spice
white powdered pepper, bulb of garlic, powdered sour spice,

tibas	si'ei,	ma'an	ba'atis	keitis	sa	ei	ai.
tibas	si'=ei,	ma'an	ba'at-is	keitis	sa	ei	ai.\\
powder_form	CVY.FEM=and	essence	fruit\PART-PART	sour	CVY.MASC	and	COMPL
and sour essence of fruit [e.g. lime juice or vinegar].

nijiabat	simunis	baripai'i	utu	e,
ni-jiabat	simun-is	baripai-'i	utu	e,
AUX_RCP-stuffing	wrapping-PART	prepare-INF	in_order_to	as_follows
To prepare the stuffing of the Wraps:

pirintai	fasa	so	buarat	si'ei	purifiras	si'ei	puput.
pirintai	fasa	so	buarat	si='ei	purifiras	si='ei	puput.
cut_in_pieces	meat	CVY.NEUT	onion	CVY.FEM=and	garlic	CVY.FEM=and	COMPL
chop up the meat, the onion, and the garlic.

makara	fasa	so	ma'an	katabatis	ibi	buarat	si'ei
makara	fasa	so	ma'an	katabat-is	ibi	buarat	si'=ei
mix	meat	CVY.NEUT	essence	black_olive\PART-PART	with	onion	CVY.FEM=and
Mix the meat with the essence of olives, and the onion,

bihuun	tiras	so	ei	purifiras	si'ei	kitina	tibas
bihuun	tiras	so	ei	purifiras	si'=ei	kitina	tibas
pepper_powder	white	CVY.NEUT	and	garlic	CVY.FEM=and	sour_spice	powder_form
white powdered pepper, garlic, powdered sour spice,

si'ei	ma'an	ba'atis	keitis	sa	ei	tibun	imi	parapa.
si'=ei	ma'an	ba'at-is	keitis	sa	ei	tibun	imi	parapa.\\
CVY.FEM=and	essence	fruit\PART-PART	sour	CVY.MASC	and	bowl	in	COMPL
and sour essence of fruit, in a bowl.

nipurat	simunis	baripai'i	utu	e,	makara	nesaras
ni-purat	simun-is	baripai-'i	utu	e,	makara	nesaras
AUX_RCP-skin	wrapping-PART	prepare-INF	in_order_ro	as_follows	mix	wheat
To prepare the skin of the Wraps: mix the powdered

tibas	sa	usu	si'ei	ma'an	katabatis	sa
tibas	sa	usu	si='ei	ma'an	katabat-is	sa
powder_form	MASC.CVY	water	CVY.FEM=and	essence	black_olive\PART-PART	CVY.MASC
wheat, essence of olives,

ei	kiaram	sa	ei	parapa.	puat	hena	hebu'u	tueri	nei
ei	kiaram	sa	ei	parapa.	puat	hena	he-bu'u	tueri	nei
and	salt	CVY.MASC	and	COMPL	knead	then	PL-ball	small	RCP.FEM
and salt. Knead these ingredients into small balls

tumahan	mei	so	pika	ara.	pama	hena	bu'u	misei
tumahan	mei	so	pika	ara.	pama	hena	bu'u	mi=sei
ingredient	these	CVY.MASC	hand	using	flatten	then	ball	these=CVY.FEM
with [your] hands. Then flatten these balls

purat	jibet	nei	pini.
purat	jibet	nei	pini.\\
skin	circular	RCP.FEM	COMPL
into circular skins.

nisimun	ifasan	akatai'i	utu	e,
ni-simun	i-fasa-n	akatai-'i	utu	e,
AUX_RCP-wrapping	COMP-meat-CIRC	assemble-INF	in_order_to	as_follows
To assemble the Meat Wraps:

turei	purat	jibet	nei	jiabat	so	kupan	ara,
turei	purat	jibet	nei	jiabat	so	kupan	ara,
put_inside	skin	circular	RCP.FEM	stuffing	CVY.NEUT	scoop	using
put the stuffing into the circular skins using a scoop;

sikitai	hena	jibet	puratis	no	tsit.	tibe	hena
sikitai	hena	jibet	purat-is	no	tsit.	tibe	hena
press_together	then	perimeter	skin-PART	RCP.NEUT	COMPL	arrange	then
then press the circumference of the skins together.

hesimun	so	pente'	ihabasan	diabas	nei	jijit.
he-simun	so	pente'	i-habas-an	diabas	nei	jijit.
PL-wrapping	CVY.NEUT	stone_tray	COMP-cook-CIRC	greasy	RCP.FEM	COMPL
Arrange the Wraps on a cooking stone tray,

tantitai	hena	sarapi.	usa	isi	ipente'
tantitai	hena	sarapi.	usa	isi	i-pente'
bake_over_coals	then	COMPL	be_ready	therefore	AUX_CVY-stone_tray
and then bake over coals. Be ready to remove the stone tray

arapi	no	isimun	ikumat	iti	airan,
arap-i	no	i-simun	i-kumat	iti	airan,
pick_up-INF	RCP.NEUT	AUX_CVY-wrapping	REL_CVY-brown	when	COMPL
when the Wraps brown; for that is when the Wraps

simun	ifasan	so	isi	biamas	kana.
simun	i-fasa-n	so	isi	biamas	kana.\\
wrapping	COMP-meat-CIRC	CVY.NEUT	because	freshly_cooked	now
are ready for eating.

kimei	ei	e,	san	tse	ko	tintan	era	fasa	misais
kimei	ei	e,	san	tse	ko	tintan	era	fasa	misai-s
notice	also	as_follows	person	2SG.VOC	ORG.NEUT	exchange	maybe	meat	deer-PART
Take note also: you may substitute the deer meat with

so	fasa	atse	uenain	so	huinui.	fasa
so	fasa	a-tse	uenai-n	so	huinui.	fasa
CVY.MASC	meat	AUX_ORG-2SG	desire-REL_RCP	CVY.NEUT	COMPL	meat
the meat you desire. Perhaps wolf meat,

keika'inas	so	era,	fasa	tikis	so	ibe,	buneis
keika'ina-s	so	era,	fasa	tiki-s	so	ibe,	buneis
feral_wolf-PART	CVY.NEUT	maybe	meat	rabbit-PART	CVY.NEUT	or	giant_mushroom
or rabbit meat, or giant mushrooms.

sei	ibe	ai.	kitina	sei	tintan	era	ei	tsinka	hibei
sei	ibe	ai.	kitina	sei	tintan	era	ei	tsinka	hibei
CVY.FEM	or	COMPL	sour_spice	CVY.FEM	exchange	maybe	also	green_herb	another
The sour spice also may be substituted with another

so	huinui.
so	huinui.
CVY.NEUT	COMPL
green herb.

(I believe I don't need to do this, but I'm doing it anyway for the sake of people who like to read relay entries but don't have the time/energy to decipher the text directly.)

(Note: there is an error in the original text above: _usu_ is feminine and so should be marked with a feminine case clitic which would fuse with the conjunction _ei_. I've taken the liberty to correct this here. The original incorrectly uses the neuter clitic _so_ instead.)

Grammar

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This information is highly condensed and re-arranged for the purpose of the relay; for more complete information, please consult the online Tatari Faran pages at: http://conlang.eusebeia.dyndns.org/fara/index.html

Orthography

Tatari Faran has 13 consonants and 6 basic vowels (plus 4 long vowels and 5 glides). The consonants are written as:

p

t

k

'

b

d

m

n

f

s

h

j

ts

r

Note that /d/ and /r/ are the same phoneme, realized as [d] when word-initial and [4] when word-medial. The orthography also uses this convention. Hence, when adding a prefix to a word with initial /d/, the /d/ will be written as /r/. E.g.: he + diru -> heriru.

/r/ is pronounced [4], and /j/ is pronounced [dz)], /ts/ as [ts)], and /'/ is the glottal stop [?]. Vowel-initial words have an implicit initial glottal stop, which shows up when prefixes are added to the word. For example:

he + asuen -> he'asuen

The presence or absence of a final glottal stop is significant. For example, _bata'_ is "chief" and _bata_ is "to walk".

The vowels are written as:

a

e

i

ue

o

u

/e/ is pronounced [E], /ue/ is a *short* vowel pronounced [M], and [o] is pronounced [O]. The long vowels are:

aa

ei

ii

uu

which are pronounced, respectively, [a:], [ej], [i:], and [u:]. The glides are:

ai

au

ia

ua

ui

which are pronounced, respectively, [aj], [ao], [ja], [wa], and [uj].

Syntax

Tatari Faran is generally head-initial. The head noun always appears first, followed by any modifiers. Adjectives follow the head noun, and adverbs follow the verb. Primary noun case is marked by case clitics, which always appear last in a noun phrase. Gender is marked on the case clitic. Demonstratives follow any adjectives but precede the case clitic. Relative clauses also appear between any adjectives and the case clitic.

Word order in a clause depends on verbal mood. The first NP in a clause is the syntactic subject, which is independent of noun case. The following word orders are attested (parts in [square brackets] are optional):

Indicative	NP (subject) - Verb - [argument NP's] - Complement NP (subject) - Adjective - Complement NP (subject) - NP (absolutive) - [Complement]
Imperative	Verb - [NP (subject)] - [argument NP's] - [Complement]
Subjunctive	Verb - NP (subject) - [argument NP's]
Interrogative	NP (subject) - [argument NP's] - Verb

When a verb appears at the head of a sentence, that is a signal that it is either imperative or subjunctive. The syntactic subject in the imperative mood is usually the second person, and is often elided.

Note: the syntactic subject in Tatari Faran does NOT correlate with semantic role with respect to the verb. It serves only a purely syntactic function, in such processes as subject elision, etc.. Semantic role is indicated by the case system, described further on.

The complement is a word synonymous with the main verb or predicative adjective, and is used as a re-emphasis of the verb/adjective in the indicative case. It may sometimes give an additional nuance to the verb (see the COMPLEMENTS section below). It is usually left untranslated unless the target language has an equivalent feature. Note that although complements generally do have semantic referents, they play mainly a syntactic role, and so one ought to be cautious not to take the lexicon meaning of complements too literally.

Note that any of the NP slots above may be substituted with a postpositional clause. Postpositions in Tatari Faran play an analogous role to prepositions in English. The postposition follows the head noun and any modifiers. The case clitic is omitted. When the governed NP is inside a relative clause, it uses the auxilliary conveyant case. Some postpositions govern a subordinate clause, which is formed as an infinitive (described later).

The first NP slot is the syntactic subject. If a postpositional clause substitutes the first NP slot, the second NP slot becomes the syntactic subject instead. E.g., the indicative word order would become:

PP - Verb - NP (subject) - [argument NP's] - Complement.

The syntactic subject may be omitted from subsequent clauses if identical, by the use of a conjunction.

Morphology

Case Clitics

The core case clitics are:

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter/Epicene
Originative	ka	kei	ko
Conveyant	sa	sei	so
Receptive	na	nei	no

Case clitics always occur at the end of a noun phrase. The meaning of the core cases is described in its own section (below).

Case clitics may undergo mutations depending on the surrounding words. For the benefit of the translator, the various alternate forms are separately glossed in the glossary.

Plurals, Genitives, Compositives, and Partitives

Tatari Faran is mostly isolating, but there are a few important inflections to take note of, as described below.

1) Plural nouns are formed by prefixing the noun with he-. E.g.:

san -> hesan

Note, however, that this plural form is *emphatic* and *optional*. It is only used to emphasize the plurality of the referent. Normally, the singular noun form is used to refer to singular and plural referents alike.

2) Genitives are formed by suffixing -n (vowel final) or -an (consonant final) to a noun. For example:

diru -> dirun
san -> sanan

If the noun ends with -nan, however, that is substituted with -naran instead. For example:

jiranan -> jiranaran (NOT jirananan)

Genitives are used for possession ("the house of the woman") or origin ("man of Fara", "child of the mother").

3) Compositives are formed just like genitives, except that an additional prefix i- is added. For example:

san -> isanan
jiranan -> ijiranaran

Compositives are used for making compound words. For example, the genitive _diru dukunan_ means "girl of the servant", whereas the compositive _diru idukunan_ means "servant girl".

4) Partitives are formed by suffixing -s (vowel final) or -is (consonant final). For example:

bunari -> bunaris
jibin -> jibinis

If the noun ends with -s, however, that is substituted with -tis instead. For example:

panis -> panitis (NOT panisis)

Partitives are used for indicating subsets ("three of the men") and component parts ("hand of the woman", "top of the volcano").

Case System

Tatari Faran typology is unlike the Standard Average European accusative or ergative typology. It is structured around the three core cases: originative, conveyant, and receptive, which are chosen *semantically* rather than syntactically. This is very important to understand, as otherwise you will not be able to make much sense out of Tatari Faran.

The originative case is used for indicating source, agent, or actor.

The receptive case is used for indicating destination, recipient, patient, or beneficiary.

The conveyant case is used for indicating object of motion, patient, or that which is moved or conveyed by the verb.

These cases are chosen *independently* of whether the NP is serving as the syntactic subject of the sentence.

1) With verbs of motion, the originative case indicates the origin of motion, the conveyant case indicates that which is in motion, and the receptive case indicates the direction or destination of motion. For example:

huu	sa	tapa	itsan	no	bata.
1sp	CVY	walk	cinder_cone	RCP	COMPL
I walk to the cinder cone.

If we change the case of the NP's, we get a different meaning:

huu	sa	tapa	itsan	ko	bata.
1sp	CVY	walk	cinder_cone	ORG	COMPL
I walk from the cinder cone.

We can move "cinder cone" to the front, which in Tatari Faran word order makes it the syntactic subject:

itsan	ko	tapa	huu	sa	bata.
cinder_cone	ORG	walk	1sp	CVY	COMPL
From the cinder cone I walk.

Note that the semantic, factual content of the sentence has not changed. Only the emphasis has changed.

2) Verbs of sensation (see, smell, hear, etc.) are divided into two categories, "out-reaching" verbs and "in-sensing" verbs. E.g.:

simani	ko	huena	jibin	no	hiim.
wolf	ORG	smell	child	RCP	COMPL
The wolf sniffs at the child.

simani	ko	fahun	jibin	no	uen.
wolf	ORG	smell	child	RCP	COMPL
The child smells the wolf.

The only difference between the two sentences is the verb (and its complement), yet in the English translation, there is a switch of subject and object. Why?

The verb _huena_ means "to sniff at" - the active act of sniffing at something or someone; whereas the verb _fahun_ means "to smell" - the involitive happenstance of an odor reaching one's nose. With verb _huena_, one is "reaching out" one's olfactory attention toward something; hence the originative case is used for the sniffer, and the receptive case is used for that which is sniffed at. With the verb _fahun_, however, one is *receiving* olfactory information from something: hence the *receptive* case is used for the smeller, and the *originative* case is used for that which is smelled.

This distinction, which is mostly absent in English (the same verb "smell" is used in both senses), is very important in Tatari Faran. Take for example, the following pair of sentences:

huu	ka	juerat	tara'	nei	itu.
1sp	ORG	look	3sp	RCP:FEM	COMPL

huu	ka	hamra	tara'	nei	aram.
1sp	ORG	see	3sp	RCP:FEM	COMPL

Again, the only difference between the two is the verb. However, if translated to English, the first reads "I look at her", whereas the second reads "she sees me". The latter may seem counter-intuitive to an English speaker; but keep in mind that with the verb _juerat_, one is *directing* one's visual attention at something, and hence the looker is originative, and the thing looked at is receptive. However, with the verb _hamra_, one is *receiving* sight of something, hence the seer is *receptive*, and that which is seen is *originative*, being the origin of that sight.

The same analysis applies to the verbs _kuni iti'_, "to listen", and _dutan inin_, "to hear". With _kuni_, the listener is originative and the thing listened for is receptive; whereas with _dutan_, the hearer is receptive and the thing heard is originative.

With all sensory verbs, the conveyant case is used for the actual sensation being perceived: the sight seen (color, shape, etc.), the sound heard (as opposed to that which makes the sound), the odor (the stinkiness of the wolf), etc..

3) With verbs of giving, the originative is used for the giver, the receptive for the recipient, and the conveyant for the gift. For example:

diru	kei	kira	firasa	sei	asuen	na	esan.
girl	ORG	give	flower	CVY	younger_brother	RCP	COMPL
The girl gives flowers to [her] younger brother.

4) With (most) intransitive verbs, the subject is conveyant. For example:

tara'	sa	duum	imim.
3sp	CVY	sleep	COMPL
He is sleeping.

5) With verbs that involve change of state, that which is changed is usually in the conveyant, and the result of the change in the receptive. For example:

huu	ka	akatai	he-bo'	so	buta'	nei	ite'.
1sp	ORG	build	PL-log	CVY	hut	RCP	COMPL
I build the logs into a hut.

Complements

In Tatari Faran, every verb and every adjective has a corresponding *complement*, which is a synonymous word used to re-emphasize and/or complement the predicate in the indicative mood. For example:

diru	sei	jui'in	kakat.
girl	CVY	beautiful	COMPL
The girl is beautiful.

The complement _kakat_ means "gaudy" or "colorful". It is used here to complement the adjectival predicate _jui'in_ "beautiful", as a manner of emphasizing the girl's stunning beauty. With another adjective, a different complement is used:

sura	sei	pirat	inai.
dress	CVY	yellow	COMPL
The dress is yellow.

The complement _inai_ means "yellowing", or "brightly colored". It is used here as an emphasis of the yellow color of the dress.

Verbs in the indicative mood are complemented in the same way. For example:

huu	sa	tapa	itsan	no	bata.
1sp	CVY	walk	cinder_cone	RCP	COMPL
I walk to the cinder cone.

The complement _bata_ is synonymous with _tapa_, "to walk". It is used as a re-emphasis of the verb.

Sometimes, a verb can have more than one possible complement. In such cases, the use of different complements may add an additional nuance to the verb. For example:

kiran	sa	pamra	asu.
young_man	CVY	run	COMPL
The young man runs.

The complement _asu_ implies smoothness or fluency; hence, the running of the young man here is likened to that of an athlete. On the other hand, consider the following example:

jibin	sa	pamra	itan.
child	CVY	run	COMPL
The child runs.

The complement _itan_ implies stumbling, franticness, or suddenness. Hence, the running of the child is likened to one of repeatedly stumbling and getting up.

It is customary to leave the complement untranslated if the target language has no direct analog of it. One should also be aware in translating Tatari Faran that sometimes complements are used simply because it is customary to use it for that particular verb or adjective; the lexical meaning of the complement may or may not be intended literally.

Conjunctions

Multi-clause constructions in Tatari Faran are built by means of conjunctions.

hena

The most commonly encountered conjunction is _hena_, "and". Note that _hena_ is used ONLY to join clauses, NOT NP's. In a 2-clause construction, _hena_ appears as the second element of the clause in the second clause. In the indicative mood, this is immediately after the first NP. For example:

huu

ka

kapa

buneis

sei

pa',

tiki

kei

hena

huena

fei

na

hiim.

1sp

ORG

drop

giant_mushroom

CVY

COMPL

rabbit

ORG

and

sniff

3sp

RCP

COMPL

I dropped the giant mushroom, and the rabbit sniffed at it.

In the imperative mood, this is after the verb (sometimes also after any adverbs or verbal modifiers).

isi

Cause-and-effect constructions use the conjunction _isi_, "because". Note that _isi_ appears in BOTH clauses; the cause clause is distinguished by dropping its complement, and the result clause is distinguished by having one. For example:

huu	sa	isi	pamra	itan,	keika'ina	ko	isi	hamra	huu	na.
1sp	CVY	so	flee	COMPL	wolf	ORG	because	see	1sp	RCP
I ran away, because I saw a wolf.

huu	sa	isi	pamra,	keika'ina	ko	isi	hamra	huu	na	aram.
1sp	CVY	because	flee	wolf	ORG	so	see	1sp	RCP	COMPL
Because I ran away, I saw a wolf.

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses appear between the head noun and its corresponding case clitic, following any adjectives, genitives, etc.. The relative clause begins with any argument NP's and is terminated by a relativised verb. The argument NP's are inflected in a special way, called Auxilliary Case Inflection, which uses prefixes to mark core case instead of case clitics.

Verb Relativisation

The relative verb is inflected to indicate the function of the head noun in the relative clause:

Originative	a- (consonant-final), or -kan (vowel-final).
Conveyant	i- (consonant-initial), or -s (vowel-initial, vowel-final), or -as (vowel-initial, consonant-final).
Receptive	-an (consonant-final), or -n (vowel-final).

Examples

		org	cvy	rcp
tapa	->	tapakan,	itapa,	tapan
orafa	->	orafakan,	orafas,	orafan
aipam	->	a'aipam,	aipamas,	aipaman

Auxilliary Case Inflection

These inflections mark noun case inside a relative clause:

Originative	a-
Conveyant	i-
Receptive	ni-

E.g.: diru -> ariru (org), iriru (cvy), niriru (rcp).

Examples

Isolated relative clause examples:

diru ahuu itapa sei	the girl who walked away from me
diru nihuu itapa sei	the girl who walked to me
diru ihuu tapakan sei	the girl from whom I walked away
diru ihuu tapan sei	the girl to whom I walked

Example sentences containing relative clauses:

huu	na	hamra	kiran	nibata'	tsanakan	ka	aram.
1sp	RCP	see	young_man	chief-AUX_RCP	speak-REL_ORG	ORG	COMPL
I see the young man who spoke to the chief.

Embedded Postpositional Clauses

Postpositional clauses may also be embedded in an NP in the same place a relative clause may appear (i.e. between the head noun and its case clitic, following any adjectives). The noun governed by the postposition is inflected for auxilliary conveyant case, and the postposition receives accent. E.g.:

samat	na	hamra	tsaritas	ikuen	ata	ka	aram.
man	RCP	see	monkey	tree-AUX_CVY	atop	ORG	COMPL
The man sees the monkey (which is) on top of the tree.

Infinitive Clauses

Infinitive clauses are formed in a similar way to relative clauses. The argument NP's in the infinite clause are inflected using Auxilliary Case Inflection to indicate that the nouns are in a subordinate clause; and the infinitive clause is ended by the verb, nominalized by the infinitive suffix -i (consonant-final verb) or -'i (vowel-final verb). A neuter case clitic is follows the infinitive verb, and the clause is then treated like a neuter NP.

For example:

huu	na	hamra	iriru	ni'itsan	tapa'i	ko	aram.
1sp	RCP	see	AUX_CVY-girl	AUX_RCP-cinder_cone	walk-INFIN	ORG	COMPL
I see the girl walk to the cinder cone.

The infinitive clause is _iriru ni'itsan tapa'i ko_.

Infinitive clauses can also be governed by a postposition, in which case the case clitic is omitted:

huu	sa	tapa	buara	na	nihuu	atsaritas	hamra'i	utu	bata.
1sp	CVY	walk	volcano	RCP	AUX_RCP-1sp	AUX_ORG-monkey	see-INFIN	to	COMPL
I walk to the volcano in order that I see the monkey.
I walk to the volcano to see the monkey.

The postposition _utu_ means "for the purpose of", and governs the infinitive clause _nihuu atsaritas hamra'i_.

Vocabulary

※

a-	auxilliary org. case prefix.
ai	(1) interj. yes, indeed; (2) compl. it is so, indeed. (Note: _ai_ is often used as a generic complement in predicates lacking a verb or a predicating adjective.)
airan	compl. with freshness, with vitality, dynamic.
akatai	v. to assemble, to build, to join, to attach component parts to each other.
ara	post. with (a wielded weapon or instrument), using.
arap	v. to pick up, to take (something). Taker in rcp., thing taken in cvy., place or person taken from in org..
ba'as	fem. n. edible fruit.
baripai	v. to cook, to prepare food. See: sarapi.
bihuun	neut. n. (1) powdered pepper; (2) any strongly aromatic powder, esp. with pepper-like spicy and sneeze-inducing properties.
biamas	adj. freshly cooked, delicious, tasty. Refers to hot, freshly cooked food. Compare _sarap_.
bu'u	fem. n. ball, round lump.
buarat	fem. n. onion, esp. the bulb part of the plant.
buneis	fem. n. giant mushroom. Refers to an edible species of giant agaric with a brown cap that grows up to several feet in diameter and a thick, short stem, usually found in forests at high altitudes.
diabas	adj. greasy, sticky.
e	ptcl. (1) Marks the start of quoted discourse. (2) Introduces an elaboration; "that is", "that is to say", "as follows".
ei	(1) post. nominal conj., "and", "also". Follows case clitic of modified NP. (2) adv. "also". Note that it can only occur in adverbial position in this usage, not as a conjunction.
era	adv. "if", "maybe". Follows verb. If follows subjunctive verb, means "if"; if follows indicative verb, means "maybe".
fasa	neut. n. (1) meat, flesh. (2) carcass, esp. of a freshly hunted animal.
habas	v. (1) _habas saa_ - to set on fire, to ignite (volitive). (2) _habas sarapi_ - to cook over fire.
he-	plur. prefix. Usually only used emphatically.
hena	conj. "and then".
hibei	dem. n., another, the other.
huinui	compl. to be confused, to be rearranged, to be mixed up, to be jumbled.
i-	(1) auxilliary cvy. case prefix for nouns. (2) cvy. relativisation prefix for verbs/adjectives.
i-...-an	compositive case circumfix for consonant-final nouns.
i-...-n	compositive case circumfix for vowel-final nouns.
-i	infinitive suffix for consonant-final verbs.
-'i	infinitive suffix for vowel-final verbs.
ibe	nominal disj., (exclusive) "or", "if not, then this". Follows case clitic of NP.
ibi	post. together with, accompanied by. Refers to accompaniment with the topic NP.
imi	post. in, inside of, within (an object or person).
-is	partitive case suffix for consonant-final nouns.
isi	conj. "because". Occurs in both the cause clause and the result clause. The verb complement is omitted from the cause clause but present in the result clause as a manner of emphasis. When the topic NP is present, _isi_ occurs immediately following; when the topic NP has been elided, _isi_ begins the clause and takes the case particle as a modifier.
isu	compl. wrenchingly, to have a wrenching sensation.
iti	temp. post. when, during, at (a particular time).
jiabat	neut. n. paste, esp. of food made into paste; stuffing.
jibet	neut. (1) n. perimeter, circumference; (2) adj. circular.
jijit	compl. to lay out in proper order, to line up one by one.
kana	(1) temp. adv. now, at this time, immediately. (2) temp. post. case marker, this time. Used only with temporal nouns, e.g.: _baran kana_ - in this morning; _mubun kana_ - in this night; tonight.
katabas	fem. n. black olive.
keika'ina	masc. n., fierce, feral wolf.
keitis	adj. sour.
kiaram	masc. n. salt.
kiki	compl. excited, agitated.
kimei	v. to perceive, to understand, to notice. The perceiver is in the rcp..
kitina	fem. n. sour spice, esp. green herb or edible leaf that is sour-tasting.
ko	neut. org. clitic.
kumat	adj. orange, tan, golden brown.
kupan	masc. n. scoop, ladle, spoon.
ma'an	masc. n. (1) fat, oil, thick juice; (2) essence, liquid extract, esp. viscous liquid yielded through crushing.
makara	v. (1) to blend, to mix together; (2) to throw (things) into a disorganized heap.
mei	dem. n., this, these.
miin	compl. satiated, filled.
misai	fem. n. deer.
misei	Contraction of _mei_ and _sei_.
nesaras	masc. n. wheat, barley; any edible grain.
-n	(1) genitive case suffix for vowel-final nouns. (2) rcp. relativisation suffix for verbs.
nei	fem. rcp. case clitic.
ni-	auxilliary rcp. case prefix.
no	neut. rcp. case clitic.
pama	v. (1) _pama pini_ - to press down, to flatten; (2) _pama ukan_ - to push downwards.
parapa	compl. to be in a messy state, to be in a heap, to be in collapse and ruin.
pente'	fem. n. stone tray.
pika	neut. n. hand, or the palm of the hand.
pini	compl. to be flattened.
pirintai	v. to cut into small pieces (esp. with a sharp instrument), to chop into bits.
puat	v. (1) _puat isu_ - to squeeze (with the hands), to wring; (2) _puat ubu_ - to knead, to mold, to shape with the hands.
puput	compl. to be in chunks, to be in pieces.
purat	fem. n. skin, esp. animal skin used to make clothing.
purifiras	fem. n. bulb of garlic; lit. flower-root, so named because the arrangement of its cloves resembles the arrangement of flower petals.
-s	partitive case suffix for vowel-final nouns.
sa	masc. cvy. case clitic.
saa	compl. to catch fire.
san	(1) n. person, human. (2) post. Mr., Ms., Mrs. Used as an emphatically formal modifier for proper nouns.
san tse	(1) Common generic greeting. (2) Formal, polite term of address.
sarap	adj. (1) _sarap kiki_ - delicious, has an exciting taste. (2) _sarap miin_ - delicious and satiating.
sarapi	compl. to be cooked deliciously.
sei	fem. cvy. case clitic.
si'ei	Contraction of _sei_ and _ei_.
sikitai	v. to pinch, to press together.
simun	neut. n. wrapping, something wrapped.
so	neut. cvy. case clitic.
tantitai	v. to bake over coals.
tibas	adj. of a fine, powdered form.
tibe	v. to prepare in advance, to lay out in order, to arrange. See: jijit.
tibun	neut. n. (1) bowl; (2) derog. half of the hard shell of a fruit, worn as a primitive kind of helmet.
tiki	fem. n. rabbit, hare.
tintan	v. to swap, to exchange, to rearrange, to permute. The objects being swapped are in the cvy.
tiras	adj. white.
-tis	partitive case suffix for s-final nouns (replaces the noun's final s).
tse	[tsE] (1) sg. 2nd person pronoun, "you". (2) Interjection: "Sir!", "Ma'am!", "you there!". (3) Vocative particle, inserted between last adjective and case clitic.
tsinka	neut. n. (1) green onion; (2) any edible green herb.
tsit	compl. to be pinched, to stick together, to fasten.
tueri	adj. small, tiny.
tumahan	masc. n. (1) riches, resources; (2) ingredients, components.
turei	v. (1) to enter into, to insert, to put inside, to cause to be inside. (2) to instill, to inspire.
ubu	compl. to be rounded, to be molded into a lump.
uenai	v. to desire, to want, to like (something).
ukan	compl. weighing down, substantial.
usa	v. (1) to live, to be awake, to be active. Active person in org.; (2) (with rcp. NP) to be attentive to something, to be ready to do something.
usu	fem. n. water.
utu	post. + infin. for the purpose of, in order to.

Abbreviations

※

adj.	adjective
compl.	complement
conj.	conjunction
cvy.	conveyant
derog.	derogatory
disj.	disjunction
fem.	feminine
infin.	infinitive
masc.	masculine
n.	noun
neut.	neuter/epicene
NP	noun phrase
org.	originative
plur.	plural
ptcl.	particle
post.	postposition
rcp.	receptive
sg. singular
temp.	temporal
v.	verb

2	second person
AUX_CVY	auxilliary conveyant case
AUX_ORG	auxilliary originative case
AUX_RCP	auxilliary receptive case
COMP	compositive
COMPL	complement
CIRC	circumfix
CVY	conveyant
FEM	feminine
INF	infinitive
MASC	masculine
NEUT	neuter/epicene
ORG	originative
PART	partitive
PL	plural
RCP	receptive
REL_CVY	conveyant relativisation affix
REL_RCP	receptive relativisation affix
SG	singular
VOC	vocative

Conculture

※

Some concultural notes that may be of interest:

• Domestic animals are not slaughtered for food, as that is considered vulgar. All meat is hunted, and considered a delicacy rather than part of staple diet.
  • Therefore, beef is considered taboo unless one somehow manages to hunt cattle. So I've substituted "beef" in the original text with "deer meat".
  • This does, however, give rise to the interesting situation that village- raised wolves, used as guards, are considered domestic and hence cannot be eaten, but hunted feral wolves in the wild are perfectly fine as food.
• The san faran know of no ocean nor any (surface) bodies of salt water, since they are isolated in the Fara surrounded by impassable mountains. Their salt is mined from wells that tap into salty deposits underground. Hence, "sea salt" is a foreign concept to them; so I have taken the liberty to translate "sea salt" in the original text simply as "salt".
• Food-related utensils are either wooden or stone. Although metallurgy has been recently developed by the san faran, metal is regarded as suitable only for building structures or making machines, not for eating utensils. Hence, trays used for food are necessarily wooden or stone. In the case of food baked over coals, the tray must necessarily be stone. :-)
• And on the topic of baking, the san faran use kilns for baking bricks and the like, but not for making food. Baking things in an oven is a foreign concept to them. Their usual method of baking is to cook over hot coals (or sometimes over a volcanic heat source, such as geysers or even lava flows among the more adventurous cooks).